ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2025
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Illness and Asymptomatic Infection in 2022-2023: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- An intranasal adjuvanted, recombinant influenza A/H5 vaccine primes against diverse H5N1 clades: a phase I trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Article
- Mucosal IgA to pre-fusion F protein predicts protection from RSV infection in a high burden setting.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations and Emergency Department or Urgent Care Encounters Among Children and Adults-VISION, United States, 2024-2025 Season.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza-associated hospitalizations and emergency department or urgent care encounters among children and adults - United States, 2024-25 season.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Influenza virus infection during pregnancy: a review of risk factors, pathogenic mechanisms, and prevention strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mucosal delivery of influenza antigens using a replication deficient adenovirus supports broadly reactive antibody responses and heterologous viral immunity in the respiratory tract of animals.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Vaccinations for Elite Athletes.Vaccines · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrevious estimates of vaccine effectiveness (VE) against asymptomatic influenza virus infection based on seroconversion have varied widely and may be biased. We estimated 2022-2023 influenza VE against illness and asymptomatic infection in a prospective cohort.
methodsIn the HEROES-RECOVER cohort, adults at increased occupational risk of influenza exposure across 7 US sites provided weekly symptom reports and nasal swabs for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) influenza testing. Laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections were classified as symptomatic (≥1 symptom) or asymptomatic during the week of testing. Participants reported demographic information and vaccination through surveys; most sites verified vaccination through medical record and immunization registry review. Person-time was calculated as days from the site-specific influenza season start (September-October 2022) through date of infection, study withdrawal, or season end (May 2023). We compared influenza incidence among vaccinated versus unvaccinated participants overall, by symptom status, and by influenza A subtype, using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for site and occupation. We estimated VE as (1 - adjusted hazard ratio) × 100%.
resultsIn total, 269 of 3785 (7.1%) participants had laboratory-confirmed influenza, including 263 (98%) influenza A virus infections and 201 (75%) symptomatic illnesses. Incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza illness among vaccinated versus unvaccinated participants was 23.7 and 33.2 episodes per 100 000 person-days, respectively (VE: 38%; 95% CI: 15%-55%). Incidence of asymptomatic influenza virus infection was 8.0 versus 11.6 per 100 000 (VE: 13%; 95% CI: -47%, 49%).
conclusionsVaccination reduced incidence of symptomatic but not asymptomatic influenza virus infection, suggesting that influenza vaccination attenuates progression from infection to illness.
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