ReviewJournal of neural engineering2024
Real-time TMS-EEG for brain state-controlled research and precision treatment: a narrative review and guide.
Review in Journal of neural engineering, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Brain oscillation-synchronized stimulation for major depression: a randomized controlled trial comparing EEG-triggered repetitive TMS with standard iTBS (Acronym: BOSSFRONT2).European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Trial
- Dose-dependent power and connectivity modulation of low frequency oscillations through transcranial magnetic stimulation in non-human primates.Journal of neural engineering · 2026Article
- From Oscillations to Brain States: Real-Time EEG-TMS for Adaptive Neuromodulation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Precision in Delivery, Variability in Response: A Multiscale Mechanistic Framework for Neuronavigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- From trade-offs to translation: An interdisciplinary roadmap for neurotechnology.Science advances · 2026Review
- Personalized, EEG-controlled intermittent theta burst stimulation.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Mu-Rhythm Phase Modulates Cortical Reactivity to Subthreshold TMS: A TMS-EEG Study.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Reopening Motor Learning Windows: Targeted Re-Engagement of Latent Pathways via Non-Invasive Neuromodulation.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Roadmap towards personalized approaches and safety considerations in non-ionizing radiation: from dosimetry to therapeutic and diagnostic applications.Physics in medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Applications and potential mechanisms of transcranial magnetic stimulation in autism spectrum disorders.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Dose-dependent power and connectivity modulation of low frequency oscillations through transcranial magnetic stimulation in non-human primates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Neuromodulation of Working Memory: Mechanisms, Targets, and Behavioral Outcomes.Neuroscience insights · 2026Review
- Editorial: Complex network dynamics of cognitive processing in health and disease: current knowledge and future research.Frontiers in computational neuroscience · 2026Article
- Reliable and efficient transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) using ultra-thin active electrodes.Communications engineering · 2025Article
- Unveiling Major Depressive Disorder Through TMS-EEG: From Traditional to Emerging Approaches.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Artificial Intelligence-Driven Neuromodulation in Neurodegenerative Disease: Precision in Chaos, Learning in Loss.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- State-Dependent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Synchronized with Electroencephalography: Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Directions.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Comprehensive evaluation of U-Net based transcranial magnetic stimulation electric field estimations.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Next generation bioelectronic medicine: making the case for non-invasive closed-loop autonomic neuromodulation.Bioelectronic medicine · 2025Review
- State-dependent memory mechanisms insights from neural circuits and clinical implications.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) modulates neuronal activity, but the efficacy of an open-loop approach is limited due to the brain state's dynamic nature. Real-time integration with electroencephalography (EEG) increases experimental reliability and offers personalized neuromodulation therapy by using immediate brain states as biomarkers. Here, we review brain state-controlled TMS-EEG studies since the first publication several years ago. A summary of experiments on the sensorimotor mu rhythm (8-13 Hz) shows increased cortical excitability due to TMS pulse at the trough and decreased excitability at the peak of the oscillation. Pre-TMS pulse mu power also affects excitability. Further, there is emerging evidence that the oscillation phase in theta and beta frequency bands modulates neural excitability. Here, we provide a guide for real-time TMS-EEG application and discuss experimental and technical considerations. We consider the effects of hardware choice, signal quality, spatial and temporal filtering, and neural characteristics of the targeted brain oscillation. Finally, we speculate on how closed-loop TMS-EEG potentially could improve the treatment of neurological and mental disorders such as depression, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, schizophrenia, and stroke.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.