Navigating the gestational surrogacy seas: the legalities and complexities of gestational carrier services.

Evelina Manvelyan, Abha Rajendra Sathe, David Paul Lindars, Lusine Aghajanova

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

2citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

The newly enacted Italian surrogacy law: Effects on reproductive tourism.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025
Article
20 Years Since the Enactment of Italian Law No. 40/2004 on Medically Assisted Procreation: How It Has Changed and How It Could Change.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025
Review

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Evelina ManvelyanDivision of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. Evelina.Manvelyan@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9796-6351

Abha Rajendra SatheDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Florida-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

David Paul LindarsDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Florida-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Lusine AghajanovaDivision of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This paper offers a comprehensive review of the gestational surrogacy process in the US, as well as internationally, focusing on the legal and ethical challenges that gestational carriers, intended parents, fertility providers, and OB/GYNs may face. The objective of this review article is to serve as an overview and provide information on legal, cultural, and ethical aspects of the decisions to pursue gestational surrogacy both for intended parents and gestational carriers in the US and globally. By understanding the surrogacy landscape and the obstacles, the surrogacy agencies and other involved parties can improve the surrogacy process to better serve all parties involved.

Indexed as

Gestational CarriersReproductive Techniques, AssistedFemaleHumansPregnancyUnited StatesCommercial surrogacyGestational surrogacyLegal, ethical, and cultural considerations in surrogacyLGBTQ +Third party reproduction

Identifiers

PMID39441490

DOI10.1007/s10815-024-03289-1

PMCPMC11621256

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.