ArticleBMC chemistry2024
In silico estimation of polyethylene glycol coating effect on metallic NPs radio-sensitization in kilovoltage energy beams.
Article in BMC chemistry, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Metal Nanoparticles as Sensitizers in Energy-Based Therapies for Lung Cancer: From Mechanistic Insights to Clinical Translation.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- The role of coating layers in gold nanorods' radioenhancement: a Monte Carlo analysis.Nanoscale advances · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeNanoparticles (NPs) as radiosensitizers present a promising strategy for enhancing radiotherapy effectiveness, but their potential is significantly influenced by the properties of their surface coating, which can impact treatment outcomes. Most Monte Carlo studies have focused on metallic NPs without considering the impact of coating layers on radiosensitization. In this study, we aim to assess both the physical and radiobiological effects of nanoparticle coatings in nanoparticle-based radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND
methodsIn this simulation study, we used Geant4 Monte Carlo (MC) toolkit (v10.07.p02) and simulated the bismuth, gold, iridium and gadolinium NPs coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG-400: Density: 1.13 g/cm³, Molar mass: 380-420 g/mol) as radiosensitizer for photon beams of 30, 60 and 100 keV. Secondary electron number and reactive oxygen species enhancement factor were estimated. Also, dose enhancement factor (DEF) was determined in spherical shells with logarithmic scale thickness from the nanoparticle surface to 4 mm.
resultsSecondary electron emission was highest at 30 keV for gold, bismuth, and iridium NPs, while gadolinium NPs peaked at 60 keV. Coating reduced electron emissions across all energies, with thicker coatings leading to a more significant decrease. DEF values declined with increasing radial distance from the NP surface and were lower with thicker coatings. For gadolinium NPs, DEF behavior differed due to K-edge energy effects. Reactive species generation varied, showing maximum production at 30 keV for gold, bismuth, and iridium NPs, while gadolinium NPs showed peak activity at 60 keV. PEG coatings enhanced reactive species formation at 100 keV.
conclusionThe findings indicate that the coating layer thickness and material not only influence the emission of secondary particles and DEF but also affect the generation of reactive species from water radiolysis. Specifically, thicker coatings reduce secondary particle emission and DEF, while PEG coatings demonstrate a dual behavior, offering both protective and enhancing effects depending on photon energy. These insights underscore the importance of optimizing NP design and coating in future studies to maximize therapeutic efficacy in nanoparticle-based radiation therapy.
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