ArticleLipids in health and disease2024
Free fatty acids: independent predictors of long-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure patients.
Article in Lipids in health and disease, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Gut-Heart Axis: Microbiome Involvement in Wild-Type Transthyretin Amyloidosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Heart-guarding or heart-harming? The dual role of epicardial adipose tissue in cardiovascular health and disease.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Review
- Interplay of fatty acids, insulin and exercise in vascular health.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Review
- Association Between Neck-to-Limb Length Ratio and Cardiovascular Events in a Chinese Population.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2025Article
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12 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe association between plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and the outcomes in the heart failure (HF) patients remains unclear.
methodsA cohort study among HF patients was performed. Plasma FFA was analyzed as both a continuous and a categorical variable (grouped by tertiles) to assess its association with composite cardiovascular (CV) death and HF hospitalization (CV death & HHP), CV death alone, and all-cause mortality (ACM) using Cox regression models. Subgroup analyses of HF patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and mildly reduced/reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF/HFrEF) were performed. This work also assessed the effectiveness of combining FFA and NT-pro BNP biomarkers for risk stratification by calculating the concordance index (C-index).
resultsAmong the 4,109 HF patients, FFA levels exceeding 0.4-0.42 mmol/L were associated with increased risks of the three outcomes. Patients in the highest FFA tertile faced greater risks than those in the lowest tertile. Adjusted hazard ratios were 1.32 (95% CI: 1.11-1.58) for CV death & HHP, 1.45 (95% CI: 1.16-1.82) for CV death, and 1.39 (95% CI: 1.15-1.68) for ACM, with a maximum follow-up of 8 years (median: 25 months). Subgroup analyses revealed that elevated FFA levels consistently predicted worse outcomes in both HFmrEF/HFrEF and HFpEF patients. The C-index for predicting outcomes was significantly greater when NT-pro BNP and FFA were combined than when NT-pro BNP was used alone (P < 0.01).
conclusionIncreased plasma FFA concentrations were independently associated with greater risks of CV death & HHP, CV death, and ACM among HF patients, irrespective of the ejection fraction. The combination of FFA and NT-pro BNP biomarkers significantly improved risk stratification in HF patients.
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