ArticleNature microbiology2024
Systematic discovery of antibacterial and antifungal bacterial toxins.
Article in Nature microbiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tick-vectored mobilization of antibiotic resistance genes: transboundary dissemination across wildlife-livestock-vector-environment interfaces.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Article
- The Quartet of Core Oncogenic Drivers in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer: Multi-Omics Dataset Integration to Forge a Translational Link Between Biology and Precision Therapy.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Antiviral Properties of Green-Synthesized Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Coronaviruses: A Review.International journal of microbiology · 2026Review
- One Earth-One Health to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance Having a Dual Mutation Pattern, Based on the Robust Self-Regulation and Perpetual Reconstruction of Ecosystems.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Secondary Metabolites ofPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An interbacterial cysteine protease toxin inhibits cell growth by targeting type II DNA topoisomerases GyrB and ParE.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Global biogeography and projection of antimicrobial toxin genes.Microbiome · 2025Article
- Soil microbiome bacteria protect plants against filamentous fungal infections via intercellular contacts.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Microorganisms use toxins to kill competing microorganisms or eukaryotic cells. Polymorphic toxins are proteins that encode carboxy-terminal toxin domains. Here we developed a computational approach to identify previously undiscovered, conserved toxin domains of polymorphic toxins within 105,438 microbial genomes. We validated nine short toxins, showing that they cause cell death upon heterologous expression in either Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Five cognate immunity genes that neutralize the toxins were also discovered. The toxins are encoded by 2.2% of sequenced bacteria. A subset of the toxins exhibited potent antifungal activity against various pathogenic fungi but not against two invertebrate model organisms or macrophages. Experimental validation suggested that these toxins probably target the cell membrane or DNA or inhibit cell division. Further characterization and structural analysis of two toxin-immunity protein complexes confirmed DNase activity. These findings expand our knowledge of microbial toxins involved in inter-microbial competition that may have the potential for clinical and biotechnological applications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
39438720What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.