Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39438356›Full record

ArticleCancer causes & control : CCC2025

The role of ethnic enclaves and neighborhood socioeconomic status in invasive breast cancer incidence rates among Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander females in California.

Alya Truong, Meg McKinley, Scarlett Lin Gomez, Mi-Ok Kim, Salma Shariff-Marco, Iona Cheng

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Ethnic Enclave Residence and Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer Incidence among Asian American Adults, 2006 to 2017.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Alya TruongDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, 550 16th Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
Meg McKinleyDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, 550 16th Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
Scarlett Lin GomezDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, 550 16th Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
Mi-Ok KimDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, 550 16th Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
Salma Shariff-Marco *Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, 550 16th Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
Iona Cheng *Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, 550 16th Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. iona.cheng@ucsf.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeFew studies have examined whether the incidence rates of invasive breast cancer among Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) populations differ by the neighborhood social environment. Thus, we examined associations of ethnic enclave and neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) with breast cancer incidence rates among AANHPI females in California.

methodsA total of 14,738 AANHPI females diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in 2008-2012 were identified from the California Cancer Registry. AANHPI ethnic enclaves (culturally distinct neighborhoods) and nSES were assessed at the census tract level using 2007-2011 American Community Survey data. Breast cancer age-adjusted incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated for AANHPI ethnic enclave, nSES, and their joint effects. Subgroup analyses were conducted by stage of disease.

resultsThe incidence rate of breast cancer among AANHPI females living in lowest ethnic enclave neighborhoods (quintile (Q)1) were 1.21 times (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.11, 1.32) that of AANHPI females living highest ethnic enclave neighborhoods (Q5). In addition, AANHPI females living in highest vs. lowest SES neighborhoods had higher incidence rates of breast cancer (Q5 vs. Q1 IRR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.40). The incidence rate of breast cancer among AANHPI females living in low ethnic enclave + high SES neighborhoods was 1.32 times (95% CI 1.25, 1.39) that of AANHPI females living in high ethnic enclave + low SES neighborhoods. Similar patterns of associations were observed for localized and advanced stage disease.

conclusionFor AANHPI females in California, incidence rates of breast cancer differed by nSES, ethnic enclave, when considered independently and jointly. Future studies should examine whether the impact of these neighborhood-level factors on breast cancer incidence rates differ across specific AANHPI ethnic groups and investigate the pathways through which they contribute to breast cancer incidence.

Indexed as

AsianBreast NeoplasmsNative Hawaiian or Pacific IslanderNeighborhood CharacteristicsAdultAgedCaliforniaEthnicityFemaleHumansIncidenceMiddle AgedRegistriesResidence CharacteristicsSocial ClassAsian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI)Breast cancer incidenceEthnic enclaveNeighborhood socioeconomic statusSocial environment

Identifiers

PMID39438356

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.