ArticleFrontiers in psychology2024
Comparative effects of open-skill and closed-skill sports on executive function in university students: a 16-week quasi-experimental study.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparative effects of ball sports on executive function subdomains in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Open-skill vs. closed-skill sports and executive function in children and adolescents: a mini review of mechanisms and moderating factors.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- Swimming expertise is associated with enhanced suprasecond visual duration discrimination across silent and rhythmic contexts.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Exploring the relationship between motor visual proficiency and performance metrics in elite skeet shooters: An in-depth analysis.PloS one · 2025Article
- Differential effects of physical activity on behavioral and prefrontal responses during repetitive inhibitory control in older adults.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Effects of community-based open and closed skill exercise interventions on ecological executive function and mobile phone dependence of adolescents.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Previous reviews have often concluded that open-skill sports are more effective at enhancing executive function (EF) than closed-skill sports. However, this conclusion may not hold for closed-skill sports with high cognitive demands, such as golf. This study aimed to compare the effects of football (open-skill) and golf (closed-skill) training on enhancing EF in university students. Method: Using a quasi-experimental, pre-post test design, 63 male participants were assigned to three groups: football ( Results: The golf group showed significant improvements in inhibition control from pre- to post-intervention ( Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence that golf, a closed-skill sport with high cognitive demands, can effectively improve inhibitory control after 16 weeks of training. This improvement is comparable to that observed in football, an open-skill sport. The findings also suggest that the cognitive demands of the sports, rather than improvements in physical fitness, may be primarily responsible for the enhancements in EF.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.