ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2024
Persistently active El Niño-Southern Oscillation since the Mesozoic.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Changes in El Niño-Southern Oscillation and global frequency entrainment.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Solar forcing on elemental and nanomechanical variations in Late Cretaceous lacustrine deposits.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Global climate mode resonance due to rapidly intensifying El Niño-Southern Oscillation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Stronger and prolonged El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the Early Eocene warmth.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Persistently active El Niño-Southern Oscillation since the Mesozoic.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), originating in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, is a defining mode of interannual climate variability with profound impact on global climate and ecosystems. However, an understanding of how the ENSO might have evolved over geological timescales is still lacking, despite a well-accepted recognition that such an understanding has direct implications for constraining human-induced future ENSO changes. Here, using climate simulations, we show that ENSO has been a leading mode of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the past 250 My but with substantial variations in amplitude across geological periods. We show this result by performing and analyzing a series of coupled time-slice climate simulations forced by paleogeography, atmospheric CO
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