A deep learning algorithm for the detection of aortic dissection on non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography via the identification and segmentation of the true and false lumens of the aorta.

Background: Aortic dissection is a life-threatening clinical emergency, but it is often missed and misdiagnosed due to the limitations of diagnostic technology. In this study, we developed a deep learning-based algorithm for identifying the true and false lumens in the aorta on non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography (NCE-CT) scans and to ascertain the presence of aortic dissection. Additionally, we compared the diagnostic performance of this algorithm with that of radiologists in detecting aortic dissection. Methods: We included 320 patients with suspected acute aortic syndrome from three centers (Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University) between May 2020 and May 2022 in this retrospective study. All patients underwent simultaneous NCE-CT and contrast-enhanced CT (CE-CT). The cohort comprised 160 patients with aortic dissection and 160 without aortic dissection. A deep learning algorithm, three-dimensional (3D) full-resolution U-Net, was continuously trained and refined to segment the true and false lumens of the aorta to determine the presence of aortic dissection. The algorithm's efficacy in detecting dissections was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, including the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the diagnostic capabilities between our algorithm and three radiologists was conducted. Results: In diagnosing aortic dissection using NCE-CT images, the developed algorithm demonstrated an accuracy of 93.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 89.8-98.3%], a sensitivity of 91.6% (95% CI: 86.7-95.8%), and a specificity of 95.6% (95% CI: 91.2-99.3%). In contrast, the radiologists achieved an accuracy of 88.8% (95% CI: 83.5-94.1%), a sensitivity of 90.6% (95% CI: 83.5-94.1%), and a specificity of 94.1% (95% CI: 72.9-97.6%). There was no significant difference between the algorithm's performance and radiologists' mean performance in accuracy, sensitivity, or specificity (P>0.05). Conclusions: The algorithm proficiently segments the true and false lumens in aortic NCE-CT images, exhibiting diagnostic capabilities comparable to those of radiologists in detecting aortic dissection. This suggests that the algorithm could reduce misdiagnoses in clinical practice, thereby enhancing patient care.