ArticleSleep2025
Gender-specific associations between sleep stages and cardiovascular risk factors.
Article in Sleep, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Link Between Sleep Health Dimensions and Hypertension for Cardiovascular Health.Current epidemiology reports · 2026Review
- Menopause-Related Changes in Sleep and the Associations with Cardiometabolic Health: A Narrative Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Comparative Discrimination of Life's Simple 7, Life's Essential 8, and Life's Crucial 9: Evaluating the impact of added complexity on mortality prediction.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Gender-specific associations between slow wave sleep and cardiovascular risk factors: too early to tell?Sleep · 2025Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
STUDY
objectivesSleep characteristics are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and both sleep and CVD risk vary by gender. Our objective was to examine associations between polysomnographic sleep characteristics and CVD risk after excluding moderate-severe sleep apnea, and whether gender modifies these associations.
methodsThis was a cross-sectional study with at-home polysomnography in adults in Brazil (n = 1102 participants with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) <15 events/hour). Primary exposures were N3, REM, wake after sleep onset (WASO), arousal index, and AHI, and outcomes were blood pressure (BP) and lipid levels.
resultsAssociations between sleep and BP varied by gender. In women, more N3 was associated with lower systolic BP (-0.40 mmHg per 10 minutes, 95% CI: -0.71, -0.09), lower diastolic BP (-0.29 mmHg per 10 minutes, 95% CI: -0.50, -0.07), and lower odds of hypertension (OR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.98). In men, more WASO was associated with higher systolic BP (0.41 mmHg per 10 minutes, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.74) and higher odds of hypertension (OR 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.14). No interactions by gender were observed for lipids. More WASO was associated with lower total cholesterol (-0.71 per 10 minutes, 95% CI: -1.37, -0.05). Higher AHI was associated with higher total cholesterol (+0.97 per event/hour, 95% CI: 0.24, 1.70) and higher LDL (+0.84 per event/hour, 95% CI: 0.04, 1.64).
conclusionsN3 is more strongly associated with BP in women, which is consistent with other studies demonstrating gender differences in BP control and CVD risk and adds a novel risk factor. Longitudinal and interventional studies are required to determine whether changes in N3 result in BP changes.
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