ArticleChild psychiatry and human development2026
Gender Differences in Co-developmental Trajectories of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study from Ages 3 to 12.
Article in Child psychiatry and human development, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prenatal smoking and child psychopathology associations by age and sex in the ECHO cohort.Development and psychopathology · 2026Article
- Early environmental risks and the developmental dynamics of internalizing and externalizing problems from birth to adolescence.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Testing gender differences in psychological adjustment among early adolescents though a multigroup analysis of latent profiles.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Exploring the Relationship of Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with Emotional Dysregulation: A Twin Study in Childhood and Adolescence.Methods and protocols · 2025Article
- Heterogeneity of early-onset conduct problems: assessing different profiles, predictors and outcomes across childhood.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2025Article
- Leveraging Random Forests explainability for predictive modeling of children's conduct problems: insights from individual and family factors.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The co-occurrence of externalizing and internalizing problems is acknowledged, but gender differences remain unclear. The present study examines gender differences in the longitudinal relationships between conduct and emotional problems throughout childhood. The sample, drawn from the ELISA project, included 2368 children (48.1% girls; ages 3-12). Latent growth curve models were employed to analyze the trajectories of parent-reported conduct problems and emotional symptoms separately, while parallel process latent growth curve models were utilized to compare joint trajectories. The decrease in conduct problems was consistent for girls, but not for boys. High initial emotional symptoms predicted a slower increase in emotional symptoms over time for girls. Parental positivity was a protective factor for conduct problems in girls. Grandiose-deceitful traits were more related to conduct problems in girls, while callous-unemotional traits were related to emotional symptoms in boys. This study highlights the importance of considering gender in childhood conduct and emotional problems.
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