Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39419903›Full record

ArticleMolecular biology reports2024

Unveiling the impact of antibiotic stress on biofilm formation and expression of toxin-antitoxin system genes in Clostridium difficile clinical isolates.

Nasim Cheraghi, Saeed Khoshnood, Nourkhoda Sadeghifard, Niloufar Khodaei, Parisa Asadollahi, Saiyad Bastaminejad, Ebrahim Kouhsari, Nazanin Omidi, Behrooz Sadeghi Kalani

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Molecular biology reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Nasim Cheraghi *Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Saeed Khoshnood *Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Nourkhoda SadeghifardDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Niloufar KhodaeiDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Parisa AsadollahiDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Saiyad BastaminejadDepartment of Genetics, Faculty of ParaMedicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Ebrahim KouhsariLaboratory Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
Nazanin OmidiDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Behrooz Sadeghi KalaniDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. sadeghi-b@medilam.ac.ir.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThe study investigates how antibiotics affect biofilm formation and toxin gene expression in Clostridium difficile, which is essential for its survival and persistence.

methodsThe study confirmed 25 strains of C. difficile and assessed biofilm formation. The MIC of metronidazole and vancomycin was determined through agar dilution, and the impact of sub-MIC levels on biofilm formation and eradication was investigated. Additionally, Real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression levels of target genes related to antibiotic treatment.

resultsWe found that certain genes, such as the ImmA/IrrE system, were associated with increased biofilm formation in isolates. Sub-MIC antibiotic levels influenced gene expression related to biofilm activities, particularly emphasizing the importance of toxin-antitoxin systems. The results suggest that antibiotics at sub-MIC levels may play a signaling role in promoting biofilm formation and gene expression in C. difficile.

conclusionOur study suggests that toxin and antitoxin genes may impact C. difficile biofilm formation, while antibiotics could signal biofilm strengthening and gene expression increase.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsBiofilmsClostridioides difficileGene Expression Regulation, BacterialMicrobial Sensitivity TestsToxin-Antitoxin SystemsBacterial ProteinsBacterial ToxinsClostridium InfectionsHumansMetronidazoleVancomycinAnti-Bacterial AgentsBacterial ProteinsBacterial ToxinsMetronidazoleVancomycinBiofilmClostridium difficileReal time PCRToxin-antitoxin (TA) systems

Identifiers

PMID39419903

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.