ArticleClinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society2025
Normative data on measures of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and the effect of pretest conditions in a large Danish non-diabetic CVD-free population from the Lolland-Falster Health Study.
Article in Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy and Indices of Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes: The CANCAN Study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Severity of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Is Linked to Increasing Levels of Circulating Proinflammatory Cytokines.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Observational
- Determinants of carotid sinus hypersensitivity in patients with suspected reflex syncope.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a nomogram model for predicting cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Pain alleviation in diabetic neuropathy using hybrid closed loop insulin pumps (PAINLESS) - A randomised crossover trial protocol.PloS one · 2026Article
- High prevalence of unrecognized chronic kidney disease in the Lolland-Falster Health Study: a population-based study in a rural provincial area of Denmark.European journal of public health · 2025Article
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Abstract
purposeCardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common diabetic complication associated with excess morbidity and mortality. CAN is also seen in conditions such as Parkinson's disease. Normative reference data for cardiovascular autonomic function are used to stratify individuals into those with and without CAN. However, reference thresholds for both cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests (CARTs) and heart rate variability (HRV) are scarce and based on small sample sizes. The aim of the study was to establish contemporary normative reference thresholds based on a large non-diabetic population free of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
methodsCardiovascular autonomic function, CARTs and 5-min HRV indices were assessed in individuals without diabetes and CVD from the Lolland-Falster Health Study (2018-2020) by applying the point-of-care device Vagus™. Age-specific normative reference thresholds were estimated by using log-transformed quantile regression models at the 5th and 10th percentile, with adjustments made for sex. Models assessing the association between age and HRV indices were further adjusted for heart rate.
resultsWe present age-specific normative reference thresholds for cardiovascular autonomic function, including CARTs and HRV, for 875 individuals (48% females) aged 15-85 years. The reference thresholds are presented for both the 5th and 10th lower percentile. Higher age was inversely associated with all outcomes. Females tended to have a higher parasympathetic drive compared to males. Pre-test conditions did not affect CARTs significantly.
conclusionsThe presented age-related normative reference thresholds for both CARTs and HRV indices based on a large Danish cohort may facilitate improved quality of research and treatment.
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