Implicit motor imagery: examining motor vs. visual strategies in laterality judgments among older adults.

Cognitive states like motor imagery (MI; simulating actions without overtly executing them) share a close correspondence with action execution, and hence, activate the motor system in a similar way. However, as people age, reduction in specific cognitive abilities like motor action simulation and action planning/prediction are commonly experienced. The present study examined the effect of visual-spatial processing for both typical and challenging upper-limb movements using the Hand Laterality Judgment Task (HLJT), in which participants were asked to judge whether the depicted hand is a left or right hand. Several main findings emerged: (1) Compared to younger adults, older adults exhibited slower responses and greater error rates in both Experiment 1 and 2. This suggests that visual-spatial transformations undergo alterations with age; (2) Older adults displayed higher error rates with realistic hands at both back and palm viewpoints of the hands compared to younger adults. However, this pattern did not hold for response times; (3) Participants responded faster to medial hand orientations (i.e., closer to the midline of the body) compared to lateral hand orientations (i.e., farther from the midline of the body) for palm-views in both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. Given that we observed better performance on medial orientations compared to lateral orientations, this suggests that participants follow the same motor rules and biomechanical constraints of the represented movement. Novel information is provided about differences in individuals' use of strategies (visual vs. motor imagery) to solve the HLJT for both mannequin and real hands.