Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39415435›Full record

ArticleHealth promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals2025

Retrospective analysis of regional and metropolitan school food environments using Google Street View: A case study in New South Wales, Australia with youth consultation.

Kitty Tse, Michelle X Zeng, Alice A Gibson, Stephanie R Partridge, Rebecca Raeside, Radhika Valanju, Emily McMahon, Bowen Ren, Fulin Yan, Margaret Allman-Farinelli and 1 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Adolescent Involvement in Co-Authoring Peer Reviewed Publications: A Reflection of Challenges and Best Practice Recommendations.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Retrospective analysis of regional and metropolitan school food environments using Google Street View: A case study in New South Wales, Australia with youth consultation.Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Kitty TseSydney Nursing School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Michelle X ZengSydney Nursing School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Alice A GibsonFaculty of Medicine and Health, Menzies Centre for Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Stephanie R PartridgeCharles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5390-3922
Rebecca RaesideFaculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Engagement and Co-Design Research Hub, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Radhika ValanjuFaculty of Medicine and Health, The Health Advisory Panel for Youth at The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Emily McMahonFaculty of Medicine and Health, The Health Advisory Panel for Youth at The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Bowen RenFaculty of Medicine and Health, The Health Advisory Panel for Youth at The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Fulin YanFaculty of Medicine and Health, The Health Advisory Panel for Youth at The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Margaret Allman-FarinelliSydney Nursing School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Si Si JiaFaculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Engagement and Co-Design Research Hub, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0352-7970

Funding

Australian Government's Research Training Program Stipend ScholarshipInvestigator Grant from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) AAP1173784King and Amy O'Malley Trust Foundation. The funding is a top-up postgraduate research scholarshipthe National Heart Foundation. The funding is a Future Leader Fellowship 106646
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

issue addressedFood environments surrounding schools have a strong influence on the adolescent's food choices. Moreover, the prevalence of diet-related chronic diseases is higher in regional than metropolitan areas in Australia. Understanding school food environments in these different settings is crucial for informing future strategies to improve adolescent health.

methodsGoogle Street View was used to identify food outlets within 1.6 km around all secondary schools in Wagga Wagga and Blacktown in New South Wales which were selected as regional and metropolitan case study areas. Based on food outlet type, healthfulness categories were assigned, and Chi-squared tests were performed. The Health Advisory Panel for Youth at the University of Sydney (HAPYUS) were engaged to obtain their perspectives on findings.

resultsUnhealthful food outlets were consistently most prevalent around schools in Wagga Wagga and Blacktown over 17 years. In 2023, these were predominantly restaurants (19.4% vs. 21.1%), cafés (16.8% vs. 11.1%), fast-food franchise outlets (15.1% vs. 17.4%) and independent takeaway stores (14.1% vs. 9.6%). No significant difference in healthfulness between regional and metropolitan areas was found. Youth advisors recognised price and social reasons as major contributors to food choices.

conclusionsGoogle Street View was used as a novel resource to examine school food environments in regional and metropolitan areas which have remained consistently unhealthful for nearly two decades. SO WHAT?: Unhealthful school food environments may encourage poor diets and exacerbate rates of adolescent overweight and obesity. Critical government action is needed to improve school food environments.

Indexed as

Food ServicesGeographic Information SystemsSchoolsAdolescentFast FoodsHumansNew South WalesRestaurantsRetrospective Studiesadolescentsfood environmentGoogle Street Viewobesityschoolsvirtual audit

Identifiers

PMID39415435
PMCPMC11806403

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.