Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39410765›Full record

ArticleDrug testing and analysis2025

Waxy- or Putty-Like Materials as a Novel Drug Preparation for Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists: Detection in Prisons and In Vitro Cannabinoid Receptor Activity.

Axelle Timmerman, Marie H Deventer, Rachael Andrews, Robert Reid, Victoria Marland, Darren Edwards, Christopher R Pudney, Niamh Nic Daéid, Christophe P Stove, Caitlyn Norman

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Drug testing and analysis, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026
    Review
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  3. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Axelle TimmermanLaboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5282-4576
Marie H DeventerLaboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6667-2561
Rachael AndrewsDepartment of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7836-036X
Robert ReidLeverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2126-3235
Victoria MarlandLeverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6265-5256
Darren EdwardsDrug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
Christopher R PudneyDepartment of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6211-0086
Niamh Nic DaéidLeverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9338-0887
Christophe P StoveLaboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7126-348X
Caitlyn NormanLeverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2322-0367

Funding

Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF) of Ghent University BOF21/DOC/248Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council EP/L016354/1Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council EP/V026917/1Leverhulme Trust RC-2015-011Research Foundation Flanders 1S54521NScottish Prison ServiceStrategic Research Area in Forensic Sciences at Linköping University
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

After the Scottish Prison Service (SPS) introduced mail photocopying procedures in December 2021, a shift in smuggling methods was observed for synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) and other new psychoactive substances (NPS) from drug-infused papers back to traditional sample matrices (e.g., tablets and powders), although new matrices also emerged. This study reports on waxy- or putty-like materials as a novel drug preparation for SCRAs and other drugs seized from UK prisons. In 2023, 22 of these new preparations were seized from Scottish prisons, with eight found in sealed vape pods. The materials were positive for SCRAs, phytocannabinoids, novel benzodiazepines, and/or gabapentinoids. Additionally, 11 preparations were seized from an English prison, all containing the SCRAs MDMB-4en-PINACA and MDMB-INACA. MDMB-INACA was pharmacologically characterized using in vitro CB

Indexed as

Cannabinoid Receptor AgonistsCannabinoidsIllicit DrugsPsychotropic DrugsAnimalsHumansPrisonsReceptor, Cannabinoid, CB1Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2ScotlandSubstance Abuse DetectionCannabinoid Receptor AgonistsCannabinoidsIllicit DrugsPsychotropic DrugsReceptor, Cannabinoid, CB1Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2CB1 receptor bioassayMDMB‐INACAnew psychoactive substances (NPS)novel drug preparationssynthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs)

Identifiers

PMID39410765
PMCPMC12209699

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.