ReviewCancers2024
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Management of Brain Metastases from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Current Trials, Guidelines and Future Directions.
Review in Cancers, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Re-expression of MHC-I to treat CNS cancers.Oncotarget · 2026Review
- Review
- Baseline Graded Prognostic Assessment Is Associated with Postoperative Health-Related Quality of Life Recovery After Brain Metastasis Resection: A Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Concurrent Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Multiple Brain Metastases in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer - A Multi-Center Retrospective Analysis.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Prognostic value of the CHAM score in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with nivolumab.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Therapeutic Impact of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Management of Brain Metastases from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Clinical outcomes of thoracic radiotherapy in combination with chemoimmunotherapy in elderly patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer.Precision radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Synergy of radiotherapy, focused ultrasound, and immunotherapy in the treatment of brain metastases.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer: crosstalk between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment components.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Single-cell and spatial transcriptome landscapes reveal the spatial immune defense pattern shared by primary and brain metastatic lung adenocarcinoma.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- Update on the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC).Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Patients with Brain Metastases from Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Emerging Mechanisms and Personalized Clinical Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Interaction Between Vasculogenic Mimicry and the Immune System: Mechanistic Insights and Dual Exploration in Cancer Therapy.Cell proliferation · 2025Review
- Patterns of failure after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from small cell lung cancer: outcomes in the immunotherapy era.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBrain metastases (BM) are a common, severe complication in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are difficult to treat due to their complex tumor biology and the intricate microenvironment of the brain.
objectivesThis review examines the current role of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in treating NSCLC with BM, focusing on the latest clinical trials, emerging strategies, current guidelines, and future directions. We highlight the efficacy of ICIs as monotherapy and in combination with other treatments such as radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, chemotherapy, and anti-VEGF agents.
resultsWhile no single treatment sequence is universally accepted, combining ICIs with traditional therapies forms the core of the current treatment protocols. ICIs targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have significantly advanced NSCLC treatment, demonstrated by improved overall and progression-free survival in various settings. However, optimizing these benefits requires careful consideration of potential side effects, including cognitive decline and radiation necrosis, and the impact of steroid use on ICI efficacy.
conclusionThe review underscores the necessity for a personalized, integrated multidisciplinary treatment approach. Future research should focus on refining combination therapies and understanding the optimal sequence and timing of treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.