Integrating Automated Labeling Framework for Enhancing Deep Learning Models to Count Corn Plants Using UAS Imagery.

Plant counting is a critical aspect of crop management, providing farmers with valuable insights into seed germination success and within-field variation in crop population density, both of which are key indicators of crop yield and quality. Recent advancements in Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) technology, coupled with deep learning techniques, have facilitated the development of automated plant counting methods. Various computer vision models based on UAS images are available for detecting and classifying crop plants. However, their accuracy relies largely on the availability of substantial manually labeled training datasets. The objective of this study was to develop a robust corn counting model by developing and integrating an automatic image annotation framework. This study used high-spatial-resolution images collected with a DJI Mavic Pro 2 at the V2-V4 growth stage of corn plants from a field in Wooster, Ohio. The automated image annotation process involved extracting corn rows and applying image enhancement techniques to automatically annotate images as either corn or non-corn, resulting in 80% accuracy in identifying corn plants. The accuracy of corn stand identification was further improved by training four deep learning (DL) models, including InceptionV3, VGG16, VGG19, and Vision Transformer (ViT), with annotated images across various datasets. Notably, VGG16 outperformed the other three models, achieving an F1 score of 0.955. When the corn counts were compared to ground truth data across five test regions, VGG achieved an R