ArticleNature ecology & evolution2024
The global distribution and drivers of wood density and their impact on forest carbon stocks.
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Article in Nature ecology & evolution, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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20citing papers in PubMed
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evolutionary history drives organ-specific variability in plant non-structural carbohydrates.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026Article
- Growth patterns and climate sensitivity differ for understory and canopy trees.Tree physiology · 2026Article
- Aboveground Biomass Accumulation Over Two Decades Across a Gradient of Tropical Forest Restoration Interventions.Global change biology · 2026Article
- Biogeography of community canopy leaf traits and their links to global forest photosynthesis.Science advances · 2026Article
- Unprecedented Amazonian rainforests damage during the 2023-2024 droughts.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- The Tervuren xylarium Wood Density Database (TWDD).Scientific data · 2026Article
- Increased artificial illumination delays urban autumnal foliar senescence.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Spatial patterns and future potential of tree species richness and structural diversity in China's forests.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026Article
- Aboveground biomass in seven tropical forest patches of Western-Africa: comparison of manual inventory and terrestrial laser scanning.Annals of forest science · 2026Article
- Environmentally dependent wood density influences forest structure and dynamics in a demographic vegetation model.Quantitative plant biology · 2026Article
- Research on Intelligent Wood Species Identification Method Based on Multimodal Texture-Dominated Features and Deep Learning Fusion.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Allometric equations for hyper-arid desert plant species of AlUla County, Saudi Arabia.Carbon balance and management · 2025Article
- A globally consistent negative effect of edge on aboveground forest biomass.Nature ecology & evolution · 2025Article
- Intraspecific Trait Variation in Tree Species Responds to Environmental Heterogeneity at Range-Wide but Not Local Scales.Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Cones and consequences: the false dichotomy of conifers vs broad-leaves has critical implications for research and modelling.The New phytologist · 2025Review
- Nitrogen deposition favors later leaf senescence in woody species.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Declining wood density.Nature plants · 2025Article
- Does climatic variation drive the adjustment of functional traits? An assessment of Tropical Montane Cloud Forest tree species.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- The global distribution and drivers of wood density and their impact on forest carbon stocks.Nature ecology & evolution · 2024Article
- Adaptive solutions for potassium limitation.Nature food · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
236 authors.
Lidong MoInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland. lidong.mo@usys.ethz.ch.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3805-7638
Thomas W CrowtherInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5674-8913
Daniel S MaynardInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.
Johan van den HoogenInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.
Haozhi MaInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-1438
Lalasia Bialic-MurphyInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.
Jingjing LiangDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9439-9320
Sergio de-MiguelDepartment of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-0657
Gert-Jan NabuursWageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9761-074X
Peter B ReichDepartment of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-662X
Oliver L PhillipsSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8993-6168
Meinrad AbeggSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-5889
Yves C Adou YaoUFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9408-3497
Giorgio AlbertiDepartment of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2422-3009
Angelica M Almeyda ZambranoSpatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Braulio Vilchez AlvaradoForestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica.
Esteban Alvarez-DávilaFundacion Con Vida, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia (UNAD), Medellin, Colombia.
Patricia Alvarez-LoayzaField Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA.
Luciana F AlvesCenter for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8944-1851
Iêda AmaralNational Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil.
Christian AmmerSilviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-0135
Clara Antón-FernándezDivision of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5545-3320
Alejandro Araujo-MurakamiMuseo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Luzmila ArroyoMuseo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Valerio AvitabileEuropean Commission, Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy.
Gerardo A AymardUNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Guanare, Venezuela.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-0508
Timothy R BakerSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3251-1679
Radomir BałazyDepartment of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Poland.
Olaf BankiNaturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Jorcely G BarrosoCentro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil.
Meredith L BastianProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0000-9115
Jean-Francois BastinTERRA Teach and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-7247
Luca BirigazziForestry Consultant, Grosseto, Italy.
Philippe BirnbaumInstitut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Nouméa, New Caledonia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4830-5500
Robert BitarihoInstitute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
Pascal BoeckxIsotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3998-0010
Frans BongersWageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-6189
Coline C F BoonmanDepartment of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2417-1579
Olivier BouriaudȘtefan cel Mare, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8046-466X
Pedro H S BrancalionDepartment of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8245-4062
Susanne BrandlBavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany.
Francis Q BrearleyDepartment of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
Roel BrienenSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5397-5755
Eben N BroadbentSpatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Helge BruelheideInstitute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-0356
Filippo BussottiDepartment of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy.
Roberto Cazzolla GattiDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Ricardo G CésarDepartment of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.
Goran CesljarDepartment of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia.
Robin ChazdonDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7349-5687
Han Y H ChenFaculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9477-5541
Chelsea ChisholmInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7739-0508
Hyunkook ChoDivision of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Emil CiencialaIFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1254-4254
Connie ClarkNicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
David ClarkDepartment of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Gabriel D CollettaPrograma de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
David A CoomesDepartment of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8261-2582
Fernando Cornejo ValverdeAndes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Peru.
José J Corral-RivasFacultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2851-7517
Philip M CrimDepartment of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
Jonathan R CummingDepartment of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
Selvadurai DayanandanBiology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
André L de GasperNatural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1940-9581
Mathieu DecuyperWageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1713-8562
Géraldine DerroireCirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7239-2881
Ben DeVriesDepartment of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2136-3401
Ilija DjordjevicInstitute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia.
Jiri DolezalInstitute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5829-4051
Aurélie DourdainCirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana.
Nestor Laurier Engone ObiangIRET, Herbier National du Gabon (CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon.
Brian J EnquistDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6124-7096
Teresa J EyreQueensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4181-4145
Adandé Belarmain FandohanEcole de Foresterie et Ingénierie du Bois, Université Nationale d'Agriculture, Kétou, Benin.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8426-6839
Tom M FayleSchool of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Ted R FeldpauschGeography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-7962
Leandro V FerreiraMuseu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Belém, Brazil.
Leena FinérNatural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland.
Markus FischerInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5589-5900
Christine FletcherForest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Lorenzo FrizzeraResearch and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy.
Javier G P GamarraForestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1290-9559
Damiano GianelleResearch and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7697-5793
Henry B GlickGlick Designs LLC, Hadley, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-530X
David J HarrisRoyal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6801-2484
Andrew HectorDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1309-7716
Andreas HempDepartment of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5369-2122
Geerten HengeveldWageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-3080
Bruno HéraultCirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6950-7286
John L HerbohnForest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5701-4882
Martin HeroldHelmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics Section, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-6886
Peter HietzInstitute of Botany, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0458-6593
Annika HillersCentre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK.
Eurídice N Honorio CoronadoInstituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2314-590X
Cang HuiCentre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3660-8160
Thomas IbanezAMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
Nobuo ImaiDepartment of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
Andrzej M JagodzińskiInstitute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6899-0985
Bogdan JaroszewiczFaculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2042-8245
Vivian Kvist JohannsenDepartment of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1268-9787
Carlos A JolyDepartment of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7945-2805
Tommaso JuckerSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0751-6312
Ilbin JungDivision of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Viktor KarminovForestry Faculty, Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russian Federation.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9298-956X
Kuswata KartawinataNegaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA.
Elizabeth KearsleyCAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
David KenfackCTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8208-3388
Deborah K KennardDepartment of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4842-8260
Sebastian Kepfer-RojasDepartment of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1681-2877
Gunnar KeppelUniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7092-6149
Mohammed Latif KhanDepartment of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6849-0307
Timothy J KilleenMuseo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Hyun Seok KimDepartment of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3440-6071
Kanehiro KitayamaGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Michael KöhlInstitute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0182-7256
Henn KorjusInstitute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8522-7869
Florian KraxnerBiodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3832-6236
Dmitry KucherPeoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
Diana LaarmannInstitute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
Mait LangInstitute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
Simon L LewisSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8066-6851
Yuanzhi LiDepartment of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Gabriela Lopez-GonzalezSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0814-8830
Huicui LuFaculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
Natalia V LukinaCenter for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1235-0177
Brian S MaitnerDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2118-9880
Yadvinder MalhiEnvironmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford, UK.
Eric MarconAgroParisTech, UMR-AMAP, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5249-321X
Beatriz Schwantes MarimonDepartamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil.
Ben Hur Marimon-JuniorDepartamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil.
Andrew R MarshallForest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.
Emanuel H MartinDepartment of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania.
James K McCarthyManaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3060-1678
Jorge A MeaveDepartamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6241-8803
Omar Melo-CruzUniversidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.
Casimiro MendozaColegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
Irina Mendoza-PoloJardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellin, Colombia.
Stanislaw MiscickiDepartment of Forest Management, Dendrometry and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
Cory MerowDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-053X
Abel Monteagudo MendozaJardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru.
Vanessa S MorenoDepartment of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.
Sharif A MukulForest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-2469
Philip MundhenkInstitute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
María Guadalupe Nava-MirandaInstituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5983-2053
David NeillUniversidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-9430
Victor J NeldnerQueensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4233-4549
Radovan V NevenicInstitute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia.
Michael R NgugiQueensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-7634
Pascal A NiklausDepartment of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2360-1357
Petr OntikovForestry Faculty, Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russian Federation.
Edgar Ortiz-MalavasiForestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica.
Yude PanClimate, Fire and Carbon Cycle Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1469-9348
Alain PaquetteCentre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1048-9674
Alexander Parada-GutierrezMuseo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Elena I ParfenovaV. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3221-1457
Minjee ParkDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Marc ParrenForest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Narayanaswamy ParthasarathyDepartment of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India.
Pablo L PeriInstituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Gallegos, Argentina.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-4408
Sebastian PfautschSchool of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-4195
Nicolas PicardGIP Ecofor, Paris, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5548-9171
Maria Teresa F PiedadeInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7320-0498
Daniel PiottoLaboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6505-0098
Nigel C A PitmanField Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9211-2880
Lourens PoorterWageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1391-4875
Axel Dalberg PoulsenRoyal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7651-6439
John R PoulsenNicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1532-9808
Hans PretzschChair of Forest Growth and Yield Science, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4958-1868
Freddy Ramirez ArevaloUniversidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru.
Zorayda Restrepo-CorreaServicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación Con Vida & Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia.
Sarah J RichardsonManaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.
Mirco RodeghieroResearch and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, Italy.
Samir G RolimLaboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9962-8708
Anand RoopsindCenter for Natural Climate Solutions, Conservation International, Arlington, TX, USA.
Francesco RoveroDepartment of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6688-1494
Ervan RutishauserInfo Flora, Geneva, Switzerland.
Purabi SaikiaDepartment of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5481-282X
Christian Salas-EljatibDepartamento de Gestión Forestal y su Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8468-0829
Philippe SanerRhino and Forest Fund e.V., Kehl, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9086-3074
Peter SchallSilviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4808-818X
Mart-Jan SchelhaasWageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4525-2677
Dmitry SchepaschenkoInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7814-4990
Michael Scherer-LorenzenGeobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-590X
Bernhard SchmidDepartment of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214
Jochen SchöngartInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
Eric B SearleCentre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3425-5998
Vladimír SebenNational Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3692-446X
Josep M Serra-DiazUniversité de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1988-1154
Douglas SheilForest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1166-6591
Anatoly Z ShvidenkoBiodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7640-2151
Ana Carolina Da SilvaSanta Catarina State University, Lages, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1285-640X
Javier E Silva-EspejoDepartamento de Biología, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile.
Marcos SilveiraCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0485-7872
James SinghGuyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, French Guiana.
Plinio SistCirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4565-4417
Ferry SlikEnvironmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam.
Bonaventure SonkéPlant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Enio Egon SosinskiEmbrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasilia, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-9474
Alexandre F SouzaDepartamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
Krzysztof J StereńczakDepartment of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9556-0144
Jens-Christian SvenningCenter for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-0862
Miroslav SvobodaFaculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4050-3422
Ben SwanepoelWildlife Conservation Society, Vientiane, Laos.
Natalia TarghettaInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
Nadja TchebakovaV. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4208-6792
Hans Ter SteegeNaturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8738-2659
Raquel ThomasIwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC), Georgetown, French Guiana.
Elena TikhonovaCenter for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-3735
Peter M UmunaySchool of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2489-0357
Vladimir A UsoltsevBotanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Forest Engineering University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation.
Renato ValenciaPontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
Fernando ValladaresLINCGlobal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
Peter M Van BodegomInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-4500
Fons van der PlasPlant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Tran Van DoSilviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9059-5842
Michael E van NulandDepartment of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-0212
Rodolfo M VasquezJardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2282-5009
Hans VerbeeckCAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1490-0168
Helder VianaAgricultural High School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu (IPV), Viseu, Portugal.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4024-3472
Alexander C VibransNatural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8789-5833
Simone VieiraEnvironmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0129-4181
Klaus von GadowDepartment of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3641-0397
Hua-Feng WangKey Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
James V WatsonDivision of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
Gijsbert D A WernerDepartment of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Florian WittmannDepartment of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Hannsjoerg WoellIndependent Researcher, Sommersbergseestrasse, Bad Aussee, Austria.
Verginia WortelCentre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1224-8025
Roderick ZagtTropenbos International, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Tomasz Zawiła-NiedźwieckiPolish State Forests, Coordination Center for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, Poland.
Chunyu ZhangResearch Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3091-5060
Xiuhai ZhaoResearch Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4063
Mo ZhouDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Zhi-Xin ZhuKey Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
Irie C Zo-BiDepartment of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0982-8579
Constantin M ZohnerInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8302-4854
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The density of wood is a key indicator of the carbon investment strategies of trees, impacting productivity and carbon storage. Despite its importance, the global variation in wood density and its environmental controls remain poorly understood, preventing accurate predictions of global forest carbon stocks. Here we analyse information from 1.1 million forest inventory plots alongside wood density data from 10,703 tree species to create a spatially explicit understanding of the global wood density distribution and its drivers. Our findings reveal a pronounced latitudinal gradient, with wood in tropical forests being up to 30% denser than that in boreal forests. In both angiosperms and gymnosperms, hydrothermal conditions represented by annual mean temperature and soil moisture emerged as the primary factors influencing the variation in wood density globally. This indicates similar environmental filters and evolutionary adaptations among distinct plant groups, underscoring the essential role of abiotic factors in determining wood density in forest ecosystems. Additionally, our study highlights the prominent role of disturbance, such as human modification and fire risk, in influencing wood density at more local scales. Factoring in the spatial variation of wood density notably changes the estimates of forest carbon stocks, leading to differences of up to 21% within biomes. Therefore, our research contributes to a deeper understanding of terrestrial biomass distribution and how environmental changes and disturbances impact forest ecosystems.
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CarbonForestsTreesWoodBiomassCarbon
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