ArticleScientific reports2024
The importance of including both sexes in preclinical sleep studies and analyses.
Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Biological Sex Differences in Sleep Spindles and Slow Wave Activity in Adults With and Without Insomnia.Journal of sleep research · 2026Pooled it
- Shank3 mutation disrupts the molecular signature of sleepiness across development.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
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- Article
- Let's talk about sex: Male and female mice show similar fear memory retention despite hippocampal activity differences during encoding and consolidation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- HSV-1 reactivation as an emergent property of neuronal stress: implications for traumatic brain injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Article
- A tool for high-throughput quantification of sleep-wake transitions in data from noninvasive piezoelectric cage systems.Current research in neurobiology · 2026Article
- The Effect of Sleep Quality on Academic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Sleep fragmentation intensifies sleep architecture disruption and fatigue after traumatic brain injury.Experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Acute sleep deprivation alters hypothalamic neuroinflammatory signaling independent of traumatic brain injury in the mouse.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2026Article
- Sex hormone dysregulation after traumatic brain injury: interactions with sleep disturbances and seizure susceptibility.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- The effects of nicotine on sleep in female C57BL/6J mice.Behavioural brain research · 2025Article
- A Subcircuit in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Generates Wakefulness.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Red Light Sensitivity of Non-image and Image Forming Visual Systems of Laboratory Rodents: Circadian Disruption and Behavioral Detection.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Microglial depletion and repopulation differentially modulate sleep and inflammation in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury.Neurobiology of sleep and circadian rhythms · 2025Article
- Impacts of traumatic brain injury severity and sex on sleep architecture, duration, and fragmentation.Neurobiology of sleep and circadian rhythms · 2025Article
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- Article
- The role of melatonin in affecting cognitive dysfunction in acute sleep deprivation mice through the nuclear factor kappaB pathway and oxidative stress.Translational neuroscience · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
A significant effort in biomedical sciences has been made to examine relationships between sex and the mechanisms underlying various disease states and behaviors, including sleep. Here, we investigated biological sex differences in sleep using male and female C57BL/6J mice (n = 267). Physiological parameters were recorded for 48-h using non-invasive piezoelectric cages to determine total sleep, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, rapid eye movement (REM)-like sleep, and wakefulness (WAKE). We fit hierarchical generalized linear mixed models with nonlinear time effects and found substantial sex differences in sleep. Female mice slept less overall, with less NREM sleep compared to males. Females also exhibited more REM-like sleep and WAKE and had shorter NREM sleep bout lengths. We also conducted a simulation exercise where we simulated a hypothetical treatment that altered the sleep of female mice, but not male mice. In models that included an appropriate sex by treatment interaction, a female-specific treatment response was accurately estimated when sample sizes were equal but was not detected when sample sizes were unequal, and females were underrepresented. Failure to include both sexes in experimental designs or appropriately account for sex during analysis could lead to inaccurate translational recommendations in pre-clinical sleep studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.