ReviewAmerican journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology2024
Hypoxic effects of heroin and fentanyl and their basic physiological mechanisms.
Review in American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- The role of central versus peripheral opioid receptors in fentanyl-induced brain hypoxia.Journal of neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Fentanyl-induced cortical and cardiopulmonary damage linked to immune response functions and apoptosis-necrosis networks in a multi-omics mouse model.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Use of a Shoulder-Mounted Wearable Sensor Prototype Designed to Detect Opioid-Related Overdose: A Qualitative User Experience Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Respiratory depression that diminishes oxygen delivery to the brain is the most dangerous effect of opioid drugs. Although plethysmography is a valuable tool to examine drug-induced changes in respiration, the primary cause of brain abnormalities induced by opioids is the global decrease in brain oxygen levels. The primary goal of this review is to provide an overview and discussion on fluctuations in brain oxygen levels induced by opioids, with a focus on heroin and fentanyl. To evaluate fluctuations in brain oxygen levels, we used oxygen sensors coupled with high-speed amperometry in awake, freely moving rats. First, we provide an overview of brain oxygen responses induced by natural physiological stimuli and discuss the mechanisms regulating oxygen entry into brain tissue. Then, we present data on brain oxygen responses induced by heroin and fentanyl and review their underlying mechanisms. These data allowed us to compare the effects of these drugs on brain oxygen regarding their latency, potency, time-dependency, and potential lethality at high doses as well as their relationships with peripheral oxygen responses. We also discuss data on the effects of naloxone on brain oxygen responses induced by heroin and fentanyl in the paradigms of both the pretreatment and treatment, when naloxone is administered at different times after the primary opioid drug. Although most data discussed were obtained in rats, they may have clinical relevance for understanding the mechanisms underlying the physiological effects of opioids and developing rational treatment strategies to decrease acute lethality and long-term health complications of opioid misuse.
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Registered trials
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