ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2025
Improved Methods for Vaccine Effectiveness Studies.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Proposed study design for estimating COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in post-pandemic Taiwan.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2026Article
- Influenza Antibody Levels Associated with Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in a Test-Negative Study Design, US Flu VE Network, November 2018-May 2019.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Evaluating the impact of public health investments in vaccination programs is crucial for ensuring their efficiency and effectiveness. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) studies, such as those using the test-negative design, are commonly used to confirm the impact of vaccines and guide future improvements. The test-negative design, favored for its simplicity and cost efficiency, mitigates biases common in other epidemiologic study designs. However, its validity can be compromised by inconsistent symptom definitions and retrospective data application. Here we summarize recent findings that (1) highlight the need to address correlated vaccination behaviors when estimating VE, (2) suggest using negative control variables to reduce confounding, and (3) recommend accounting for infection history in VE studies to improve accuracy and reliability. These insights are important for refining VE estimation methods.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.