ReviewNeuro-oncology2025
The immune landscape in brain metastasis.
Review in Neuro-oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed.
- Reprogramming PD-L1 endosomal recycling and lysosomal degradation via engineered exosome-based nanocomposites overcomes immune resistance in lung cancer brain metastasis.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- DVT-primed neutrophils reshape the brain microenvironment to promote brain metastasis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Lung Cancer Brain Metastasis: Brain Microenvironmental Adaptation, Therapeutic Resistance and Translational Strategies.Cancer science · 2026Review
- Review
- Brain metastasis: Opportunities for novel therapies.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Review
- The emerging roles of cerebral pericytes in brain metastasis.Neuro-oncology · 2026Review
- BraMARS: An Interpretable Histopathology-Driven Deep Learning Model for Brain Metastasis Risk Stratification in Surgically Resected Limited-Stage SCLC.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Brain metastasis-associated fibroblasts shape the tumour microenvironment to enhance cancer cell invasion.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- [Tumor Cell and Brain Microenvironment Interactions in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Brain Metastasis: Mechanisms and Emerging Insights].Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer · 2026Review
- Multiscale systems modelling of communication networks in brain metastasis.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Future directions in the treatment of brain metastases: evaluating the role of cellular players in the tumour microenvironment.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Review
- Astrocyte-associated immunosuppressive programs in brain tumors: a STAT3-centered perspective.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2026Review
- Review
- Targeting the neuro-immune crosstalk in breast cancer brain metastases.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Review
- Brain metastases exhibit distinct spatial patterns of resident and infiltrating macrophages.Cell death discovery · 2026Article
- Unraveling the Enigma of Melanoma Brain Metastasis: New Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Cancer-associated fibroblasts as a critical driver in tumor metastasis: The mechanisms and future perspectives.iScience · 2026Review
- Neuro-Immune Crosstalk: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Functions, Diseases, and Therapeutic Targets.MedComm · 2026Review
- Bacteria-related signals in brain metastases: evidence boundaries, tumor-microenvironment remodeling, and translational prospects.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Characterisation and impact of intratumoural stroma in melanoma and carcinoma brain metastases.The journal of pathology. Clinical research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with brain metastasis remains dismal despite intensive therapy including surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemo-, targeted, and immunotherapy. Thus, there is a high medical need for new therapeutic options. Recent advances employing high-throughput and spatially resolved single-cell analyses have provided unprecedented insights into the composition and phenotypes of the diverse immune cells in the metastatic brain, revealing a unique immune landscape starkly different from that of primary brain tumors or other metastatic sites. This review summarizes the current evidence on the composition and phenotypes of the most prominent immune cells in the brain metastatic niche, along with their dynamic interactions with metastatic tumor cells and each other. As the most abundant immune cell types in this niche, we explore in detail the phenotypic heterogeneity and functional plasticity of tumor-associated macrophages, including both resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages, as well as the T-cell compartment. We also review preclinical and clinical trials evaluating the therapeutic potential of targeting the immune microenvironment in brain metastasis. Given the substantial evidence highlighting a significant role of the immune microenvironmental niche in brain metastasis pathogenesis, a comprehensive understanding of the key molecular and cellular factors within this niche holds great promise for developing novel therapeutic approaches as well as innovative combinatory treatment strategies for brain metastasis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.