Naturalistic assessments across the lifespan: Systematic review of inhibition measures in ecological settings.

Inhibitory control is essential for our everyday lives. Despite this, it is commonly assessed using non-naturalistic assessments. In this systematic review, we argue for the importance of taking an ecological approach to assess cognition. The aims are to present the state-of-knowledge in naturalistic assessments of inhibitory control, focusing on their methodological characteristics, including psychometric properties and user experience. PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched until September 2024. Studies were included if they used at least one naturalistic method of assessing inhibition. The included studies (N=64) were grouped into three methodological categories: gamification, virtual reality, and brief, repeated assessments in participants' usual environment in the form of ecological momentary assessments. Sample sizes spanned three orders of magnitude (N=12-22,098). We report considerable heterogeneity in the types of tasks used, and the psychometric details reported. Nonetheless, naturalistic tasks were generally comparable with standardised equivalents, although some tasks assessed mixed-domain constructs. Tasks were feasible and acceptable for participants, with generally high completion rates and engagement. Recommendations for future research are discussed.