ArticleScientific reports2024
Prognostic value of soluble programmed death-1 and soluble programmed death ligand-1 in severe traumatic brain injury patients.
Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Anti-PD-L1 therapy to prevent systemic immune suppression after polytraumatic brain injury in rats.The journal of trauma and acute care surgery · 2026Article
- Association between B and T lymphocyte attenuator/herpes virus entry mediator immunoregulatory axis and outcome prediction in a mixed critically ill population.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Neuroimmune Mechanisms in Traumatic Brain Injury and Cancer: Parallel Courses or Existence in Different Orbits.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Immune monitoring, immune phenotyping, and precision intervention in severe pneumonia: current evidence and translational challenges.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently exhibit concomitant immunosuppression. In this study, we evaluated the predictive values of soluble programmed death-1 (sPD-1) and soluble programmed death ligand-1 (sPD-L1) in patients with severe TBI. Peripheral blood sPD-1 and sPD-L1 levels were measured within 48 h of patient admission. A total of 20 healthy volunteers and 82 patients were enrolled in this study. The levels of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 were upregulated in patients with severe TBI (P < 0.001). They were significantly increased in the post-TBI severe pneumonia group and among non-survivors (P < 0.001). The area under the curves (AUCs) for sPD-1 and sPD-L1 levels to predict severe pneumonia were 0.714 and 0.696, respectively, and the AUCs to predict mortality were 0.758 and 0.735. The levels of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 are correlated with the GCS scores at admission, APACHE II scores, length of MV, and time elapsed to mortality. The levels of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 emerged as independent predictive factors for severe pneumonia and mortality. This study demonstrates that upregulation of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 in severe TBI patients is significantly associated with severe pneumonia and mortality, suggesting their potential as predictive biomarkers for these outcomes.
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