Long-duration spaceflight adversely affects astronaut piloting performance.

A group of highly experienced pilots performed full-motion, simulated T-38 landings before and after extended missions aboard the International Space Station (ISS). On the day of return from the ISS pilots' performance was degraded on the initial landing attempt, with difficulty maintaining altitude during banking turns and navigational errors, which affected touchdown parameters such as touchdown speed, height over runway threshold and touchdown distance from the runway threshold. A positive result was that all pilots successfully completed a second landing attempt on the same day, suggesting a rapid recovery of performance once exposed to the task at hand. These results are consistent with a previous study that demonstrated significant deficits in post-flight driving performance, and both the pilot and driver subjects' performance recovered to pre-flight levels within four days of return from the ISS. We propose that the primary factors underlying the post-flight performance deficits were the inability to respond appropriately to gravitational and visual tilts and a reduction in multitasking ability.