ReviewJournal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacology
Target-controlled infusion - Past, present, and future.
Review in Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Target-Controlled Infusion of Propofol: A Systematic Review of Recent Results.Journal of medical systems · 2025Pooled it
- Precision application of target-controlled infusion of esketamine combined with sufentanil in anesthesia for thoracoscopic surgery and its effect on hemodynamics, postoperative pain, and safety.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas · 2026Trial
- The Median Effective Concentration (EC50) of Alfentanil Combined with Propofol Closed-Loop Targeted Infusion in Super-Elderly Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Trial
- Pharmacokinetic Simulation of Remifentanil Dosing at Different Effect-Site Targets During Target-Controlled Infusion for Cesarean Delivery.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- A VOSviewer® and iCite®-based bibliometric study on target-controlled infusions in anaesthesia.Indian journal of anaesthesia · 2026Article
- Target-Controlled Infusion for Caesarean Delivery Under General Anesthesia: From Conventional Pharmacokinetic Models to Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Plasma concentration of dexmedetomidine combined with fixed remifentanil for nociceptive and hemodynamic control during skull pin fixation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Methodologies for Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Target-Site Drug Exposure: A Narrative Review of Current Strategies.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2026Review
- Target-controlled infusion for analgesia and sedation in the intensive care unit: a scoping review.Annals of intensive care · 2026Review
- Advances in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling for anesthesia, 1987-2024: a review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Simulation of Propofol Target-Controlled Infusion up to Time of Delivery in Cesarean Section: A Bench Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Total intravenous sedation with target-controlled infusion in dentistry: clinical experience with the third-generation Eleveld pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model.Journal of dental anesthesia and pain medicine · 2025Article
- Sedation in endoscopy: Current practices and future innovations.World journal of gastrointestinal endoscopy · 2025Article
- Effect of the pringle maneuver on patient status index during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol.Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Target-controlled infusion (TCI) is a novel drug delivery system wherein a microprocessor calculates the rate of drug to be infused based upon the target plasma or effect site concentration set by the operator. It has found its place in the operation theaters and intensive care units (ICUs) for safe administration of intravenous anesthesia and analgosedation using drugs like propofol, dexmedetomidine, opioids, and so on. Operating a TCI device requires the user to have a primitive understanding of drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and an awareness of the practical problems that can arise during its administration. Ongoing research supports their usage in other clinical settings and for various other drugs such as antibiotics, vasopressors, and so on. In this article, we review the underlying principles and commonly used drugs for TCI, the practical aspects of its implementation, and the scope of this technology in future. TCI technology is increasingly being used in the field of anesthesiology and critical care due to the myriad advantages it offers when compared to manual infusions. It is, therefore, essential for the reader to understand the relevant principles and practical aspects related to TCI technology, as well as to be aware of the commonly used TCI models.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.