SynthesisFrontiers in human neuroscience2024
The effect of brain-computer interface controlled functional electrical stimulation training on rehabilitation of upper limb after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Comparative efficacy of brain-computer interface-coupled robotic rehabilitation, robot-assisted therapy, and motor imagery for upper-limb motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy of motor imagery augmented with central non-invasive brain stimulation versus peripheral electrical stimulation for upper extremity rehabilitation post-stroke: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of Brain-Computer Interface Therapy for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Chronic Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of brain-computer interface-based rehabilitation on upper limb function, activities of daily living, and adverse events in patients with early stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of brain-computer interface-based rehabilitation on lower limb function and activities of daily living after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurologyPooled it
- EEG Biomarkers During Upper-Limb Action Observation Therapy for Stroke Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Functional substitution and long-term dependency in BCI-FES-based neurorehabilitation.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- EEG-based predictors of motor recovery during immersive VR-BCI rehabilitation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Stroke Rehabilitation, Novel Technology and the Internet of Medical Things.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Decision-centered wearable biosensors for personalized rehabilitation: integrating multimodal monitoring, artificial intelligence, and closed-loop intervention.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Closed-loop brain-computer interfaces for post-stroke sensorimotor loop restoration.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Current status and future prospects of brain-computer interfaces in the field of neurological disease rehabilitation.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2026Review
- Modern Technologies Supporting Motor Rehabilitation After Stroke: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Integrating Brain-Computer Interface Systems into Occupational Therapy for Enhanced Independence of Stroke Patients: An Observational Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Several clinical studies have demonstrated that brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) controlled functional electrical stimulation (FES) facilitate neurological recovery in patients with stroke. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of BCI-FES training on upper limb functional recovery in stroke patients. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Science Direct and Web of Science were systematically searched from inception to October 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) employing BCI-FES training were included. The methodological quality of the RCTs was assessed using the PEDro scale. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4.1 and STATA 18. Results: The meta-analysis comprised 290 patients from 10 RCTs. Results showed a moderate effect size in upper limb function recovery through BCI-FES training (SMD = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.26-0.73, I Discussion: BCI-FES has significant immediate effects on upper limb function in subacute and chronic stroke patients, but evidence for its long-term impact remains limited. Using AO as the mental task may be a more effective BCI-FES training strategy. Systematic review registration: Identifier: CRD42023485744, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023485744.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.