Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39389851›Full record

ArticleClinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases2024

Measurement of circulating viral antigens post-SARS-CoV-2 infection in a multicohort study.

Zoe Swank, Ella Borberg, Yulu Chen, Yasmeen Senussi, Sujata Chalise, Zachary Manickas-Hill, Xu G Yu, Jonathan Z Li, Galit Alter, Timothy J Henrich and 16 more

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Article in Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
40citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

40 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Cellular Metabolic Signatures of Long COVID-19.Infectious disease reports · 2026
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

26 authors.

Zoe SwankDepartment of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Ella BorbergDepartment of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Yulu ChenHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Yasmeen SenussiDepartment of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Sujata ChaliseDepartment of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Zachary Manickas-HillRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Xu G YuHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Jonathan Z LiHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Galit AlterRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Timothy J HenrichDivision of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
J Daniel KellyDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Rebecca HohDivision of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Sarah A GoldbergDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Steven G DeeksDivision of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Jeffrey N MartinDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Michael J PelusoDivision of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Aarthi TallaAllen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA.
Xiaojun LiAllen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA.
Peter SkeneAllen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA.
Thomas F BumolAllen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA.
Troy R TorgersonAllen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA.
Julie L CzartoskiFred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
M Juliana McElrathFred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
Elizabeth W KarlsonHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
David R WaltDepartment of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: dwalt@bwh.harvard.edu.
RECOVER consortium authors

Funding

OTA-21-015A Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Initiative: NYU Langone Health Clinical Science Core, Data Resource Core, and PASC Biorepository CoreOT2HL161847 · NHLBI · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI GROSS, RACHEL SHARON, HORWITZ, LEORA · 2021 to 2025
$651.0M
Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative of Northern Ohio, Catalyzing Linkages to Equity in Health (CLE Health)UM1TR004528 · NCATS · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI GRACE A MCCOMSEY · 2023 to 2026
$32.1M
Seattle Vaccine Trials UnitUM1AI069481 · NIAID · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI Rachel Ann Bender Ignacio, Margaret Juliana McElrath · 2012 to 2026
$24.4M
CTSA UM1 Program at University of UtahUM1TR004409 · NCATS · UTAH STATE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM--UNIVERSITY OF UTAH · PI RACHEL HESS, Jennifer Juhl Majersik · 2023 to 2026
$21.9M
Targeting Non Viral Markers of HIV PersistenceR01AI141003 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI HENRICH, TIMOTHY JENSEN · 2018 to 2022
$4.9M
Characterization of Persistent COVID-19R01AI176287 · NIAID · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI Amy K Barczak, Jonathan Li · 2023 to 2026
$3.4M
Myosin Light Chain Dephosphorylation by PPP1R12C Promotes Atrial Hypocontractility and Atrial FibrillationR01HL151508 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO · PI MCCAULEY, MARK D · 2020 to 2024
$3.2M
Evaluation of the Interplay between HIV and COVID-19 in a large urban safety-net HIV clinicR01AI158013 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GANDHI, MONICA, SPINELLI, MATTHEW A. · 2020 to 2023
$3.1M
Evaluating SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen-induced coagulopathy and neuroinflammation as mechanistic drivers of neurologic PASCR01NS136197 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Michael Joseph Peluso · 2024 to 2026
$2.0M
Characterizing the virologic and immunologic signatures of HIV exceptional controlK23AI157875 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI PELUSO, MICHAEL JOSEPH · 2021 to 2025
$927k
NCATS NIH HHS UM1 TR004409NCATS NIH HHS UM1 TR004528NHLBI NIH HHS OT2 HL161847NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL151508NIAID NIH HHS K23 AI157875NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI141003NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI158013NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI176287NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI069481NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS136197
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo determine the proportion of individuals with detectable antigen in plasma or serum after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the association of antigen detection with postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) symptoms.

methodsPlasma and serum samples were collected from adults participating in four independent studies at different time points, ranging from several days up to 14 months post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary outcome measure was to quantify SARS-CoV-2 antigens, including the S1 subunit of spike, full-length spike, and nucleocapsid, in participant samples. The presence of 34 commonly reported PASC symptoms during the postacute period was determined from participant surveys or chart reviews of electronic health records.

resultsOf the 1569 samples analysed from 706 individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2, 21% (95% CI, 18-24%) were positive for either S1, spike, or nucleocapsid. Spike was predominantly detected, and the highest proportion of samples was spike positive (20%; 95% CI, 18-22%) between 4 and 7 months postinfection. In total, 578 participants (82%) reported at least one of the 34 PASC symptoms included in our analysis ≥1 month postinfection. Cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal, and neurologic symptoms had the highest reported prevalence in over half of all participants, and among those participants, 43% (95% CI, 40-45%) on average were antigen-positive. Among the participants who reported no ongoing symptoms (128, 18%), antigen was detected in 28 participants (21%). The presence of antigen was associated with the presence of one or more PASC symptoms, adjusting for sex, age, time postinfection, and cohort (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-2.2). DISCUSSION: The findings of this multicohort study indicate that SARS-CoV-2 antigens can be detected in the blood of a substantial proportion of individuals up to 14 months after infection. While approximately one in five asymptomatic individuals was antigen-positive, roughly half of all individuals reporting ongoing cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal, and neurologic symptoms were antigen-positive.

Indexed as

Antigens, ViralCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2Spike Glycoprotein, CoronavirusAdultAgedCohort StudiesCoronavirus Nucleocapsid ProteinsFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPhosphoproteinsAntigens, ViralCoronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteinsnucleocapsid phosphoprotein, SARS-CoV-2PhosphoproteinsSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2COVID-19Multicohort studyPostacute sequelae of COVID-19Retrospective cohort studySARS-CoV-2 antigens

Identifiers

PMID39389851
PMCPMC11578795

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.