Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39388411›Full record

ArticlePloS one2024

The Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS): An investigation of reliability, validity, and associations with clinical characteristics in psychiatric outpatients.

Jakob Lundqvist, Martin Schevik Lindberg, Martin Brattmyr, Audun Havnen, Odin Hjemdal, Stian Solem

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07407829 (Step by Step Back - A Feasibility Study of a CBT-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Stress-Related Exhaustion), which is not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07407829 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Step by Step Back - A Feasibility Study of a CBT-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Stress-Related Exhaustion

TypeinterventionalSponsorThe Swedish School of Sport and Health SciencesRan2025 to 2026Enrolled20ConditionsExhaustion Disorder, Stress-Related DisordersArmsCBT/ACT-based psychologist-delivered physical activity program
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Effectiveness ofPsychological medicine · 2026
    Trial
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Jakob LundqvistDepartment of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.ORCID 0000-0003-3320-853X
Martin Schevik LindbergDepartment of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
Martin BrattmyrDepartment of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
Audun HavnenDepartment of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
Odin HjemdalDepartment of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
Stian SolemDepartment of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.ORCID 0000-0002-6942-2645

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThis study, the first to assess the reliability and validity of the Work and Social Assessment Scale (WSAS) in Norwegian routine mental health care, examines differences in functional impairment based on sick leave status, psychiatric diagnosis, and sex.

methodIncluding 3573 individuals from community mental health services (n1 = 1157) and a psychiatric outpatient clinic (n2 = 2416), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on subsample 1 and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on subsample 2 were utilized to replicate the identified factor structure.

resultsEFA supported a one-factor model, replicated by the CFA, with high internal consistency (α = .82, ω = .81). Patients on sick leave reported greater impairments in all aspects of functioning, except for relationships, with the largest effect size observed in the reported ability to work (d = .39). Psychiatric outpatients with major depressive disorder were associated with difficulties in home management, private leisure activities, and forming close relationships. Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder reported less impairment than those with other disorders. Patients with personality disorders reported more relationship difficulties than those with PTSD, ADHD, and anxiety. No differences were found in the perceived ability to work between diagnoses. Women had a higher impairment in private leisure activities, whereas men reported more impairment in relationships.

conclusionThe demonstrated reliability and validity suggest that WSAS is a valuable assessment tool in Norwegian routine mental health care. Variations in functional impairment across sick leave status, sex, and psychiatric diagnoses highlight the importance of integrating routine assessments of functional impairment into mental health care practices. Future research should combine WSAS with register data to allow for a broader understanding of treatment effectiveness, emphasizing improvements in functional outcomes alongside symptom alleviation.

Indexed as

Mental DisordersOutpatientsAdultFactor Analysis, StatisticalFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNorwayReproducibility of ResultsSick LeaveSocial Adjustment

Identifiers

PMID39388411
PMCPMC11466382

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.