ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2025
Multimodal physiological correlates of dyspnea ratings during breath-holding in healthy humans.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Interplay between cognitive conditions and individual traits in voluntary apnea.Experimental brain research · 2026Article
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND
objectivesDyspnea is associated with fear and intense suffering and is often assessed using visual analog scales (VAS) or numerical rating scales (NRS). However, the physiological correlates of such ratings are not well known. Using the voluntary breath-holding model of induced dyspnea, we studied healthy volunteers to investigate the temporal relationship between dyspnea, the neural drive to breathe assessed in terms of involuntary thoracoabdominal movements (ITMs) and neurovegetative responses. PARTICIPANTS AND
methodsTwenty-three participants (10 men; median [interquartile range] age 21 [20-21]) performed three consecutive breath-holds with the continuous assessment of dyspnea (urge-to-breathe) using a 10 cm VAS, thoracic and abdominal circumferences measured with piezoelectric belt-mounted transducers, heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV), and galvanic skin response (GSR). Urge-to-breathe VAS at the onset of ITMs (gasping point) was identified visually or algorithmically.
resultsUrge-to-breathe VAS at the end of the breath-hold was 9.7 [8.6-10] cm. Total breath-hold duration was 93 [69-130] s. Urge-to-breathe VAS, ITM, heart rate, HRV, and GSR significantly increased during breath-hold. Urge-to-breathe VAS correlated with the magnitude of the thoracic and abdominal movements (rho = 0.51 and rho = 0.59, respectively, p < 0.001). The urge-to-breathe ratings corresponding with ITM onset were 3.0 [2.0-4.7] cm and 3.0 [1.0-4.0] cm for visual and algorithmic detection, respectively (p = 0.782).
conclusionAn urge-to-breathe VAS of 3 cm (30% of full scale on a 10 cm VAS) corresponds to a physiological turning point during the physiological response to voluntary breath-holding in healthy humans.
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