ArticlePlastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open2024
Midface Skeletal Sexual Dimorphism: Lessons Learned from Advanced Three-dimensional Imaging in the White Population.
Article in Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Accommodating color vision deficiencies in biomedical publications.Anatomy & cell biology · 2026Review
- Deep learning-based sex estimation from multi-planar cranial CT images in a Thai population.Anatomical science international · 2026Article
- Secular Changes in Cranial Morphology and Pattern of Sexual Dimorphism in Modern Japanese: A Geometric Morphometric Analysis Using Post-Mortem Computed Tomography Data.American journal of biological anthropology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Facial shape is significantly influenced by the underlying facial bony skeleton. Sexual dimorphisms in these structures are crucial for craniofacial, aesthetic, and gender-affirming surgery. Previous studies have examined the orbits and upper face, but less is known about the midface. This study aimed to elucidate the sexual dimorphism in the midface region, focusing on the maxilla and zygomatic bones. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted using facial computed tomography scans from 101 White patients aged 20-79 years, using Materialise Mimics and 3-Matics for segmentation and 3D reconstruction. Measurements and statistical shape modeling of the midfacial skeleton were performed. Results: Our results show a distinct sexual dimorphism in the midfacial skeletal structure across all age groups. Women typically had a narrower bizygomatic width by 1.5 mm ( Conclusions: Our analysis of midfacial skeletal anatomy revealed sexual dimorphism differences. Men exhibited more pronounced facial features than women, with a broader horizontal midfacial skeleton, a longer midfacial vertical height, and greater maxillary depths compared with women.
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