ArticlePhysical therapy2025
Modeling Upper Limb Rehabilitation-Induced Recovery After Stroke: The Role of Attention as a Clinical Confounder.
Article in Physical therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Biomarkers of stroke recovery using EEG-based resting-state functional connectivity: a systematic review.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Pooled it
- Benefits and Importance of Early Rehabilitation in Patients After Stroke.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Review
- Exercise intervention improves the modified Barthel index, Berg balance scale, and Fugl-Meyer assessment of upper limb motor function in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- A structural causal model for robot-assisted upper-limb neurorehabilitation.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2026Article
- Divided attention and manual visuomotor control in stroke: a combined dual-task and eye movement study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Observational
- Association of physiotherapy dose with motor recovery in early subacute phase after stroke: results from a multicenter Italian study.Archives of physiotherapyArticle
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivePeople who have survived stroke may have motor and cognitive impairments. High dose of motor rehabilitation was found to provide clinically relevant improvement to upper limb (UL) motor function. Besides, mounting evidence suggests that clinical, neural, and neurophysiological features are associated with spontaneous recovery. However, the association between these features and rehabilitation-induced, rather than spontaneous, recovery has never been fully investigated. The objective was to explore the association between rehabilitation dose and UL motor outcome after stroke, as well as to identify which variables can be considered potential candidate predictors of motor recovery.
methodsPeople who survived stroke were assessed before and after a period of rehabilitation using motor, cognitive, neuroanatomical, and neurophysiological measures. We investigated the association between dose of rehabilitation and UL response (ie, Fugl-Meyer Assessment for upper extremity [FMA-UE]), using ordinary least squares regression as the primary analysis. To obtain unbiased estimates, adjusting covariates were selected using a directed acyclic graph.
resultsBaseline FMA-UE was the only factor associated with motor recovery (b = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.83 to 1.15 points). Attention emerged as a confounder of the association between rehabilitation and final FMA-UE (b = 5.5; 95% CI = -0.8 to 11.9 points), influencing both rehabilitation and UL response.
conclusionPreserved attention in people who have survived stroke might lead to greater UL motor recovery, albeit estimates have high levels of variability. Moreover, the increase in the dose of rehabilitation can lead to 5.5 points improvement on the FMA-UE, a nonsignificant but potentially meaningful finding. The approach described here discloses a new framework for investigating the effect of rehabilitation treatment as a potential driver of recovery. IMPACT: Attentional resources could play a key role in UL motor recovery. There is a potential association between amount of UL recovery and dose of rehabilitation delivered, needing further exploration. Preserved attention and rehabilitation dose are candidate predictors of UL motor recovery.
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