ArticleBMJ open2024
Oxford Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (OVHS): a UK-based and US-based online mixed-methods psychometric development and validation study of an instrument to assess vaccine hesitancy.
Article in BMJ open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development and validation of the Oxford Attitudes to Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Scale.JAAD international · 2026Article
- Integrating vaccine hesitancy into the health belief model: additive effects on parental decision-making for child RSV vaccination.BMC public health · 2026Article
- En-risk to de-risk: An iterative human factors framework for scale development in emerging technologies.JAAD international · 2026Article
- Development and validation of the Oxford Benchmark Scale for Rating Vaccine Technologies (OBSRVT), a scale for assessing public attitudes to next-generation vaccine delivery technologies.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Discriminative Cut-Offs, Concurrent Criterion Validity, and Test-Retest Reliability of the Oxford Vaccine Hesitancy Scale.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Associated Factors of Vaccine Hesitancy among Mothers with Children Up to 2 Years Old in Mogadishu, Somalia.Sage open pediatricsArticle
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5 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesTo describe the development, validation and reliability of the Oxford Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (OVHS), a new instrument to assess vaccine hesitancy in the general population.
designCross-sectional validation study.
settingInternet-based study with participants in the UK and USA.
participantsDemographically representative (stratified by age, sex and race) samples from the UK and USA recruited through the Prolific Academic platform.
main outcome measuresTo demonstrate OVHS development, exploratory factor analysis with categorical variables and a polychoric correlation matrix followed by promax oblique rotation on the UK sample was performed. Confirmatory factor analysis with a Satorra-Bentler scaled test statistic evaluating goodness of fit statistics including the root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA), standardised root mean squared residual (SRMR) and comparative fit index (CFI) was performed on the US sample. Reliability as internal consistency was assessed using McDonald's omega. Evidence in support of the predictive, convergent and discriminant validity of the scale was assessed using logistic regression ORs of association (OR) or Pearson correlation coefficients.
resultsData for factor analysis were obtained from 1004 respondents, 504 in the UK and 500 in the USA. A scree plot, minimum average partial correlation analysis and parallel analysis suggested a three-factor 13-item scale with domains of vaccine beliefs (seven items), pain (three items) and personal deliberation (three items). Responses were recorded on a Likert scale ranging from disagree completely to agree completely, with higher score reflecting greater hesitancy. Potential total scores ranged from 13 to 65. Goodness of fit was excellent, with RMSEA=0.044, SRMR=0.041 and CFI=0.977. Predictive validity for COVID-19 vaccination status was excellent, with logistic regression ORs of association (95% CI) of 0.07 (0.04, 0.13), p<0.0001 for the UK sample for each SD increase in OVHS score, suggesting a 93% decrease in the odds of being vaccinated against COVID-19 for each SD increase in OVHS score. Convergent validity between the OVHS score and the 5C short version scale demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.32 (p<0.0001). Discriminant validity with an unrelated desire to perform outdoor activities demonstrated an OR (95% CI) of 1.06 (0.88, 1.29), p=0.523 for the UK sample for each SD increase in OVHS score. McDonald's omega was 0.86 and 0.87 in the UK and US samples, respectively.
conclusionsThe OVHS is a feasible, valid and reliable scale for assessing vaccine hesitancy; further testing is warranted.
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