SynthesisEuropean psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists2024
Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- How do the measurement properties of the broad-band scales for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children perform based on the COSMIN guidelines?BMC pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Auricular therapy as adjunctive treatment for pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of pharmacologically treated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Challenges in amphetamine medication availability for individuals with ADHD: a narrative review of the current state of evidence.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Quality appraisal of clinical practice guidelines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review using the appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation (AGREE II) instrument.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Does Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominant Presentation Matter? Examining Functional and Symptom Changes After Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.Clinical psychology & psychotherapyTrial
- Evaluation of Oral Health in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Multivariate genetic analyses test for the presence of a general 'JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Major adverse cardiac events and mortality associated with ADHD and its treatment in adults with type 2 diabetes: a multi-national cohort study.BMC medicine · 2026Observational
- ADHD Symptoms in Parents of Children With or Without ADHD: Prospective Association With Children's Quality of Life and Emotional and Conduct Problems (EPINED Cohort).Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- Serum β-catenin, GSK-3β, and IL-6 levels in medication-naive children with ADHD: a preliminary case-control study.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Regulatory reform and adult methylphenidate dispensing in France: a nationwide interrupted time-series study.BMJ mental health · 2026Article
- Childhood ADHD and Its Adult Mimics: When First-Time ADHD Diagnoses in Adulthood May Reflect Other Conditions-A Narrative Review.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Trends in the incidence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and early risk factors.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Use of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Among Danish Children and Adolescents From 2010 to 2023.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Financial Fraud Victimization Among Young Adults in Taiwan: Roles of Executive Functioning, Personality Traits, and the Self-Reported Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- French Consumption of Methylphenidate in Primary Care From 2016 to 2023, Impact of Prescribing Policy Changes-A Time-Series Analysis.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2026Article
- The exponential increase in the number of prescriptions for ADHD medication between 2012 and 2022 in Poland in patients aged 5-59 years: a pharmacoepidemiological study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- ADHD in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: Incidence, Prevalence, and Treatment. An Analysis of Routine Health Insurance Data.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2026Article
- Prescribing medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: a retrospective analysis of a Japanese health insurance claims database.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe estimates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) prevalence across various studies are significantly variable, contributing to uncertainty in ADHD prevalence estimation. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have attributed this variability primarily to the methodological characteristics of the studies, including the diagnostic criteria, source of information, and impairment requirement for the diagnosis.
methodsReview identified studies reporting ADHD prevalence in representative samples of children and adults in Europe and worldwide. Studies that were conducted in the general population were included. We focused on studies that report ADHD prevalence based on clinical diagnosis (clinical diagnostic criteria based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases criteria, other diagnostic tools, such as various scales or interviews based on clinical diagnostic criteria). PubMed/Medline was searched to identify relevant articles published until 2024/2/01. The study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020200220) and followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis.
resultsIn total, 117 studies were subjected to full evaluation. In the meta-analysis, 103 studies representing 159 independent datapoints were included. The overall prevalence of ADHD in register studies was 1.6%, 95% CI [0.9; 3.0], in survey studies 5.0%, 95% CI [2.9; 8.6], in one-stage clinical studies 4.2%, 95% CI [2.9; 6.0], and in two-stage clinical studies 4.8%, 95% CI [4.0; 5.8].
conclusionsExact comparisons among studies with different diagnostic criteria and types of sampling can impact prevalence estimates. When comparing data from methodologically different studies, these factors need to be considered.
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