Enduring Heroism in the Face of Inequality and Injustice: Who Steps Up and Why?

Enduring heroism defined as persistent efforts to confront inequality and injustice is the focus of this article. Six exemplars are considered: Harriet Tubman, Crazy Horse, Jane Addams, Mohandas Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Malcolm X. Similarities and differences in their pursuits are considered and linked to the larger literature on heroism. They are also contrasted with enduring anti-heroes to elevate roles of virtue and benevolence in long-term efforts to correct societal ills. What motivates enduring heroism is a central question. A hypothesis put forth is that distinct dimensions of eudaimonic well-being - especially, purpose in life, autonomy, environmental mastery, and personal growth - may be key elements that fuel efforts of enduring heroes. A final section underscores the need for such individuals in our era, drawing on wide-ranging evidence that inequality and injustice are worsening and have been exacerbated by major historical events (Great Recession, COVID-19 pandemic). Now more than ever enduring heroes are needed to help redress the enormous suffering around us.