ArticleEuropean spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society2024
Macrophage polarization and macrophage-related factor expression in hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum.
Article in European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Main Immune Markers of Ligamentum Flavum Hypertrophy: A Narrative Literature Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Integrated bioinformatic analysis of biomarkers, pathways, and immune cell infiltration in ossification of the ligamentum flavum.International journal of clinical and experimental pathology · 2026Article
- Associations of inflammatory biomarkers with clinical outcomes in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: A systematic review.Brain & spine · 2026Review
- Application of Acupuncture in Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy: An In-Depth Analysis and Outlook on Pathophysiological Basis and Therapeutic Mechanisms.International journal of general medicine · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeOwing to the unknow types of infiltrating macrophages and the corresponded factors, we aimed to investigate the specific types of infiltrating macrophages involved in HLF and the expression of macrophage-related factors.
methodsThe ligamentum flavum was obtained from patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (HLF group; n = 15) and lumbar disc herniation (non-hypertrophic ligamentum flavum [NLF] group; n = 15). Ligamentum flavum specimens were paraffin embedded, followed by histological and immunohistochemical staining to identify the macrophage type and expression of macrophage-related factors.
resultsThe HLF group demonstrated CD206 marker expression, while the NLF group did not (P < 0.0001; n = 11). CD68 marker was expressed in both groups (P > 0.05; n = 11). CCR7 was not expressed in either group. The expression levels of the extracellular matrix proteins aggrecan (Agg), type I collagen (Coll1), and type II collagen (Coll2) were higher in the HLF group than in the NLF group (P < 0.0001; n = 11). The aging markers p21, p16, and p53 were expressed in the HLF group, but not in the NLF group (P < 0.0001; n = 11). The expression levels of the inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β were higher in the HLF group than in the NLF group (P < 0.0001; n = 11). Similarly, the expression level of the fibrosis factor TGF-β1 was higher in the HLF group than in the NLF group (P < 0.0001; n = 11).
conclusionsThe infiltration of M2 macrophages may be involved in HLF, while involvement of M1 macrophages may only occur early in inflammation. The expression of extracellular matrix proteins and macrophage-related factors was increased. Aging may also be associated with HLF.
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Registered trials
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