Brain tumor grade classification using the ConvNext architecture.

Objective: Brain tumor grade is an important aspect of brain tumor diagnosis and helps to plan for treatment. Traditional methods of diagnosis, including biopsy and manual examination of medical images, are either invasive or may result in inaccurate diagnoses. This study proposes a brain tumor grade classification technique using a modern convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture called ConvNext that inputs magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Methods: Deep learning-based techniques are replacing invasive procedures for consistent, accurate, and non-invasive diagnosis of brain tumors. A well-known challenge of using deep learning architectures in medical imaging is data scarcity. Modern-day architectures have huge trainable parameters and require massive datasets to achieve the desired accuracy and avoid overfitting. Therefore, transfer learning is popular among researchers using medical imaging data. Recently, transformer-based architectures have surpassed CNNs for image data. However, recently proposed CNNs have achieved superior accuracy by introducing some tweaks inspired by vision transformers. This study proposed a technique to extract features from the ConvNext architecture and feed these features to a fully connected neural network for final classification. Results: The proposed study achieved state-of-the-art performance on the BraTS 2019 dataset using pre-trained ConvNext. The best accuracy of 99.5% was achieved when three MRI sequences were input as three channels of the pre-trained CNN. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the efficacy of the representations learned by a modern CNN architecture, which has a higher inductive bias for the image data than vision transformers for brain tumor grade classification.