Characterizing the role of exosomal miRNAs in metastasis.

Background: Exosomal microRNAs (exomiRs), transported via exosomes, play a pivotal role in intercellular communication. In cancer, exomiRs influence tumor progression by regulating key cellular processes such as proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Their role in mediating communication between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment highlights their significance as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Methodology: In this study, we aimed to characterize the role of exomiRs in influencing the pre-metastatic niche (PMN). Across 7 tumor types, including 4 cell lines and three tumors, we extracted high confidence exomiRs (Log FC >= 2 in exosomes relative to control) and their targets (experimentally identified and targeted by at least 2 exomiRs). Subsequently, we identified enriched pathways and selected the top 100 high-confidence exomiR targets based on the frequency of their appearance in the enriched pathways. These top 100 targets were consistently used throughout the analysis. Results: Cancer cell line and tumor derived ExomiRs have significantly higher GC content relative to genomic background. Pathway enriched among the top exomiR targets included general cancer-associated processes such as "wound healing" and "regulation of epithelial cell proliferation", as well as cancer-specific processes, such as "regulation of angiogenesis in kidney" (KIRC), "ossification" in lung (LUAD), and "positive regulation of cytokine production" in pancreatic cancer (PAAD). Similarly, 'Pathways in cancer' and 'MicroRNAs in cancer' ranked among the top 10 enriched KEGG pathways in all cancer types. ExomiR targets were not only enriched for cancer-specific tumor suppressor genes (TSG) but are also downregulated in pre-metastatic niche formed in lungs compared to normal lung. Motif analysis shows high similarity among motifs identified from exomiRs across cancer types. Our analysis recapitulates exomiRs associated with M2 macrophage differentiation and chemoresistance such as miR-21 and miR-222-3p, regulating signaling pathways such as PTEN/PI3/Akt, NF-κB, etc. Cox regression indicated that exomiR targets are significantly associated with overall survival of patients in TCGA. Lastly, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model using exomiR target gene expression classified responders and non-responders to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with an AUROC of 0.96 (in LUAD), higher than other previously reported gene signatures. Conclusion: Our study characterizes the pivotal role of exomiRs in shaping the PMN in diverse cancers, underscoring their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.