Voltage-Driven Alterations to Neuron Viscoelasticity.

Background: The consideration of neurons as coupled mechanical-electrophysiological systems is supported by a growing body of experimental evidence, including observations that cell membranes mechanically deform during the propagation of an action potential. However, the short-term (seconds to minutes) influence of membrane voltage on the mechanical properties of a neuron at the single-cell level remains unknown. Materials and Methods: Here, we use microscale dynamic mechanical analysis to demonstrate that changes in membrane potential induce changes in the mechanical properties of individual neurons. We simultaneously measured the membrane potential and mechanical properties of individual neurons through a multiphysics single-cell setup. Membrane voltage of a single neuron was measured through whole-cell patch clamp. The mechanical properties of the same neuron were measured through a nanoindenter, which applied a dynamic indentation to the neuron at different frequencies. Results: Neuronal storage and loss moduli were lower for positive voltages than negative voltages. Conclusion: The observed effects of membrane voltage on neuron mechanics could be due to piezoelectric or flexoelectric effects and altered ion distributions under the applied voltage. Such effects could change cell mechanics by changing the intermolecular interactions between ions and the various biomolecules within the membrane and cytoskeleton.