Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Health: A Review of the Literature and Clinical Application.

Context: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSKD) are currently the leading contributor to disability worldwide. Unlike other prevalent and disabling healthcare conditions such as CVD, risk factors associated with MSKD are not commonly discussed or integrated into current medical practice, rehabilitation practice or wellness programs. The primary purpose of this review is to describe the known risk factors most closely associated with MSKD. The secondary purpose is to propose a clinical model to manage MSK health aimed at maximizing the healthy pursuit of a physically active and healthy lifestyle. Evidence acquisition: In this review the most common MSKD risk factors, with a focus on those that can be easily screened in clinical practice are presented. The importance of understanding the magnitude and number of risk factors present as well as the multidimensional nature of MSKD risk is discussed. Results: A total of 11 MSKD risk factors were identified. Most of the risk factors are modifiable, and the evidence associated with modifiability for the most prominent risk factors is reviewed.Researchers have found that often patients are discharged from care with several known MSKD risk factors. In such instances, local pain and dysfunction are managed well, but expanding our rehabilitation care to include comprehensive risk factor management would ultimately benefit the patient and reduce healthcare costs. Conclusion: The most common MSKD risk factors are discussed and a clinical framework to individualize intervention is proposed. Addressing key risk factors within rehabilitation may be an important step to reduce the enormous and growing burden these disorders are having on society. Level of Evidence: 5.