ArticleJournal of diabetes science and technology2024
The Diabetes Technology Society Error Grid and Trend Accuracy Matrix for Glucose Monitors.
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Article in Journal of diabetes science and technology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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18citing papers in PubMed
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Clinical validation of continuous glucose monitoring in glycemic management of critically ill sepsis patients: A prospective randomized clinical study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Trial
- Pediatric Inpatient Continuous Glucose Monitor Accuracy by Sensor Wear Day, Hospital Day, and Glucose Rate of Change.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Performance, Safety and Usability of a Third-Generation Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in a Pediatric Population: Results From a Prospective, Multicenter Study.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026Article
- Article
- Advances in diabetes technology: clinical implications, limitations, and future perspectives.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2026Review
- Nanostructured electrode materials and flexible-substrate engineering for wearable multi-analyte biosensors in diabetes monitoring and personalized care: a comprehensive review.Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine · 2026Review
- Decision accuracy of simultaneously used real-time CGM versus intermittently scanned CGM around exercise in type 1 diabetes: A secondary analysis of the ULTRAFLEXI-1 study.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Article
- Accuracy and reliability of a continuous glucose monitoring system with a focus on hypoglycaemia.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Performance of three simultaneously used rtCGM systems around a physically active weekend camp in adults with type 1 diabetes: A prospective lab and real-world study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Accuracy of Dexcom G6 Pro and G7 Continuous Glucose Monitors in Patients Treated with Maintenance Dialysis.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Accuracy and feasibility of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in early postoperative intensive care after liver transplantation.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring during noncardiac surgery: a prospective, blinded observational multicentre cohort study.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Observational
- Evaluation of commercial point-of-care glucometers for detection and monitoring of neonatal hypoglycemia in resource-constrained settings.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Digital Twins for Personalized Medicine Require Epidemiological Data and Mathematical Modeling: Viewpoint.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Performance of the DEXCOM G7 CGM system during and after major surgery.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- Accuracy of Glucose Trends by Subcutaneous Continuous Monitoring vs Intermittent Arterial Measurements in Critically Ill Patients.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025Article
- Consensus statement on standardizing CGM evaluation metrics in Latin America: an expert approach.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Hybrid closed loop technology in emergency surgery in a person with type 1 diabetes.Anaesthesia reportsArticle
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Authors and funding
94 authors.
David C KlonoffDiabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6394-6862
Guido FreckmannInstitut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-0406-9529
Stefan PleusInstitut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4629-7754
Boris P KovatchevSchool of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0495-3901
David KerrSutter Health Center for Health Systems Research, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1335-1857
Chui Cindy TseCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5417-1599
Chengdong LiCollege of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5330-9624
Michael S D AgusDivisions of Endocrinology and Medical Critical Care, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6454-6828
Kathleen DunganDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1289-1595
Barbora Voglová HagerfDiabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.ORCID 0000-0001-7132-5134
Jan S KrouwerKrouwer Consulting, Sherborn, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2300-076X
Wei-An Andy LeeDivision of Endocrinology, Los Angeles General Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2928-7338
Shivani MisraDivision of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-2886-0726
Sang Youl RheeCenter for Digital Health and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0003-0119-5818
Ashutosh SabharwalElectrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1898-5787
Jane Jeffrie SeleyDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1582-4320
Viral N ShahDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3827-7107
Nam K TranUniversity of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1565-0025
Kayo WakiDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.ORCID 0000-0003-0046-2523
Chris WorthDepartment of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-6609-2735
Tiffany TianDiabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0003-1417-6445
Rachel E AaronDiabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-5120-2264
Keetan RutledgeQuesGen, Burlingame, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6394-8358
Cindy N HoDiabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0008-3067-1004
Alessandra T AyersDiabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0000-3054-3207
Amanda AdlerDiabetes Trials Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-2797-3385
David T AhnMary & Dick Allen Diabetes Center, Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian, Newport Beach, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8941-8459
Halis Kaan AktürkBarbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4518-5179
Mohammed E Al-SofianiDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0003-4420-9378
Timothy S BaileyHeadlands AMCR Institute, Escondido, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4178-3462
Matt BakerNorth Kansas City Hospital, North Kansas City, MO, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9241-6836
Lia BallyDepartment of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0003-1993-7672
Raveendhara R BannuruAmerican Diabetes Association, Arlington, VA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8069-5783
Elizabeth M BauerNaval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7474-4462
Yong Mong BeeSingapore General Hospital, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0002-5482-2646
Julia E BlanchetteUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, UH Diabetes and Metabolic Care Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6714-4792
Eda CengizUniversity of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7992-9506
James Geoffrey ChaseCentre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.ORCID 0000-0001-9989-4849
Kong Y ChenNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0306-1904
Daniel CherñavvskyUniversity of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7395-1841
Mark ClementsChildren's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2368-0331
Gerard L CoteCenter for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3164-9625
Ketan K DhatariyaNorfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-3619-9579
Andjela DrincicDevision of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8365-7662
Niels EjskjaerSteno Diabetes Center North Denmark and Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.ORCID 0000-0003-3749-3403
Juan EspinozaStanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0513-588X
Chiara FabrisCenter for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7575-4622
G Alexander FlemingKinexum, Harpers Ferry, WV, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6549-0288
Monica A L GabbayDiabetes Center, São Paulo Federal University, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-1300-9675
Rodolfo J GalindoDivision of Endocrinology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9295-3225
Ana María Gómez-MedinaHospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.ORCID 0000-0002-8907-3470
Lutz HeinemannScience Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-2493-1304
Norbert HermannsResearch Institute Diabetes Academy Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany & University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-2903-2677
Thanh HoangDivision of Endocrinology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7437-5604
Sufyan HussainDepartment of Diabetes, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-6611-8245
Peter G JacobsDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9897-4783
Johan JendleDepartment of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0003-1025-1682
Shashank R JoshiJoshi Clinic, Mumbai, India.ORCID 0000-0002-0990-5821
Suneil K KoliwadDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7367-1054
Rayhan A LalStanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8055-944X
Lawrence A LeiterLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-1040-6229
Marcus LindInstitute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-3796-9283
Julia K MaderDivision of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.ORCID 0000-0001-7854-4233
Alberto MaranDepartment of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-7266-8486
Umesh MasharaniDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3269-804X
Nestoras MathioudakisDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0210-655X
Michael McShaneDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6838-3982
Chhavi MehtaMills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0223-5009
Sun-Joon MoonDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0002-6286-7254
James H NicholsVanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3652-1612
David N O'NealDepartment of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-0870-4032
Francisco J PasquelSchool of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3845-6703
Anne L PetersKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0520-0776
Andreas PfütznerPfützner Science & Health Institute, Mainz, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-2385-0887
Rodica Pop-BusuiDivision of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2042-1350
Pratistha RanjitkarADLM DEI Steering Committee, ADLM-Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine (formerly AACC), Washington, D.C., USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1431-1868
Connie M RheeVA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9703-6469
David B SacksNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3100-0735
Signe SchmidtSteno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.ORCID 0000-0002-6968-6675
Simon M SchwaighoferDiabetes Center Berne, Berne, Switzerland.ORCID 0009-0006-9984-1556
Bin ShengDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0000-0001-8678-2784
Gregg D SimonsonInternational Diabetes Center, HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5561-2547
Koji SodeJoint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9833-2091
Elias K SpanakisVA Maryland Health Care System, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9352-7172
Nicole L SpartanoSection of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0724-8629
Guillermo E UmpierrezSchool of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3252-5026
Maryam VarethBerkeley Institute for Data Science, College of Computing, Data Science, and Society, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7827-2570
Hubert W VesperCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9649-9015
Jing WangCollege of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4012-0977
Eugene WrightDepartment of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0796-0496
Alan H B WuDepartment of Lab Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5610-2036
Sewagegn YeshiwasDepartment of Pediatric Endocrinology and Child Health, College of Health Science, Addis Abeba University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.ORCID 0000-0002-8153-7672
Mihail ZilbermintDivision of Hospital Medicine, Johns Hopkins Community Physicians, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4047-7260
Michael A KohnUniversity of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5459-5044
Funding
Implementing a Maternal health and PRegnancy Outcomes Vision for Everyone (IMPROVE)UL1TR002378 · NCATS · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Andres J Garcia, Elizabeth O. Ofili · 2017 to 2026
$92.1MTranslational Research Core - Engagement and Behavior ChangeP30DK111024 · NIDDK · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Mohammed Kumail Ali · 2016 to 2026
$13.4MNew York Regional Center for Diabetes Translation Research - Translational Intervention Methodology CoreP30DK111022 · NIDDK · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, INC · PI JEFFREY GONZALEZ · 2016 to 2026
$7.8MUse of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in End-Stage Renal Disease(ESRD) Patients with Type 2 DiabetesK23DK123384 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI GALINDO, RODOLFO · 2020 to 2024
$934kPharmaco-epidemiology of diabetes in patients with end-stage kidney diseaseR03DK138255 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI GALINDO, RODOLFO · 2024 to 2025
$230kContinuous Glucose Monitoring in Insulin Treated Hospitalized Veterans with DM2 at Higher Risk for HypoglycemiaI01CX001825 · VA · BALTIMORE VA MEDICAL CENTER · PI SPANAKIS, ILIAS · 2018 to 2023
–CSRD VA I01 CX001825NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002378NIDDK NIH HHS K23 DK123384NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK111022NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK111024NIDDK NIH HHS R03 DK138255Wellcome Trust
Abstract
introductionAn error grid compares measured versus reference glucose concentrations to assign clinical risk values to observed errors. Widely used error grids for blood glucose monitors (BGMs) have limited value because they do not also reflect clinical accuracy of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs).
methodsDiabetes Technology Society (DTS) convened 89 international experts in glucose monitoring to (1) smooth the borders of the Surveillance Error Grid (SEG) zones and create a user-friendly tool-the DTS Error Grid; (2) define five risk zones of clinical point accuracy (A-E) to be identical for BGMs and CGMs; (3) determine a relationship between DTS Error Grid percent in Zone A and mean absolute relative difference (MARD) from analyzing 22 BGM and nine CGM accuracy studies; and (4) create trend risk categories (1-5) for CGM trend accuracy.
resultsThe DTS Error Grid for point accuracy contains five risk zones (A-E) with straight-line borders that can be applied to both BGM and CGM accuracy data. In a data set combining point accuracy data from 18 BGMs, 2.6% of total data pairs equally moved from Zones A to B and vice versa (SEG compared with DTS Error Grid). For every 1% increase in percent data in Zone A, the MARD decreased by approximately 0.33%. We also created a DTS Trend Accuracy Matrix with five trend risk categories (1-5) for CGM-reported trend indicators compared with reference trends calculated from reference glucose.
conclusionThe DTS Error Grid combines contemporary clinician input regarding clinical point accuracy for BGMs and CGMs. The DTS Trend Accuracy Matrix assesses accuracy of CGM trend indicators.
Indexed as
Blood GlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringDiabetes MellitusHumansReproducibility of ResultsBlood Glucoseaccuracyblood glucosecontinuous glucose monitoringerror gridglucose trendsurveillance
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