Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis among children and adults in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

backgroundNocturnal enuresis (NE) is defined as any intermittent incontinence while sleeping in a child over the age of 5. This disorder can have emotional and psychological implications. Here, we performed the first meta-analysis to provide an overall assessment of the prevalence of NE and the factors associated with it in Saudi Arabia. We also examined its psychological impact and mothers' behavior in dealing with this disorder. PATIENTS AND

methodsA thorough search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases for studies assessing the prevalence of NE. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3.3 was used to conduct the analysis. We evaluated NE prevalence, NE frequencies, NE by time, social shame and embarrassment in children with NE, and mothers seeking medical advice. A meta-regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between the frequency of NE and NE in parents, NE in siblings, gender, and age. The quality of the included studies was assessed by Newcastle Ottawa Scale.

resultsSixteen cross-sectional studies, totaling 14 284 participants, were included. NE prevalence was 24.8% (95% CI: 17, 34). The prevalence of NE one to two times per week was 26.8% (95% CI: 15.1, 43.0), three to four times was 31.8% (95% CI: 18.5, 48.9), and five to seven times was 33.8% (95% CI: 18.2, 54.1). NE occurring at night was 24.4% (95% CI: 22.8, 26.2) and at day and night was 16.6% (95% CI: 15.3, 17.9). A significant difference was found between the regions of Saudi Arabia in the prevalence of NE, with the southern and eastern regions having the highest prevalence and the central region having the lowest prevalence. The overall pooled prevalence of embarrassment and social shame in children with NE was 63% (95% CI: 46, 77). The percentage of mothers seeking medical advice was 54.4% (95% CI: 39.7, 68.3). The prevalence of NE is positively correlated with the prevalence of NE in parents and siblings, but no association was found with males or age.

conclusionA quarter of Saudi Arabian children suffer from NE, and it is associated with feelings of embarrassment and social shame. Half of the mothers seek medical counseling. Having parents or siblings with NE increases the likelihood of NE in the child. Future research is needed to corroborate the findings of other risk factors, such as age and gender. Future research will also be required to identify the precise causes or effects within each region that contribute to the varying prevalence of NE.