ArticleJournal of food science2024
Effects of spray drying and freeze drying on the protein profile of whey protein concentrate.
Article in Journal of food science, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparing the Effects of Dairy and Soybean on Bone Health in Women: A Food- and Component-Level Network Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Optimisation of Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Spray Drying for Chlorophyll Powder Production FromFood science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of freeze-drying and spray-drying on the physicochemical modulation and symbiotic functionality of egg white forFood chemistry: X · 2026Article
- Drying-Induced Structural and Oxidative Transformations in Sustainable Proteins: Impact on Physicochemical Properties and Flavor-Binding Functionality.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Drying for Creating Porous Red Lentil Proteins: Effects of pH and Solvent Exchange.Journal of food science · 2026Article
- Microstructural and Rheological Properties of Camel and Bovine Milk Fermented with Five Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Preserving edible biodiversity through indigenous dairy emulsions: valorization of traditional milk systems for a resilient future.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is consumed for its high protein content. The structure and biological functionality of whey proteins in WPC powders may be affected by the drying technique applied. However, the specific impact of spray drying and freeze drying on the overall protein profile of whey protein derived from sweet whey streams at scale is unknown. Herein, we examine the effects of commercial-scale freeze drying and spray drying on WPC to determine which method better preserves bioactive whey proteins, with the goal of helping the dairy industry create high-value products that meet the growing consumer demand for functional dairy products. WPCs were produced from pasteurized liquid whey using either a commercial spray dryer or freeze dryer. A variety of analytical techniques, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and bottom-up proteomics using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy were used to identify, quantify, and compare the retention of bioactive proteins in WPC before and after spray drying and freeze drying. In addition, the extent of denaturation was studied via solubility testing, differential scanning calorimetry, and hydrophobicity assessment. There was little to no difference in the retention or denaturation of key bioactive proteins between spray-dried and freeze-dried WPC powders. There was a higher percentage of select Maillard modifications in freeze-dried and spray-dried powders than in the control. The lack of significant differences between spray drying and freeze drying identified herein indicates that freeze drying does not meaningfully improve retention of bioactive proteins compared with spray drying when performed after multiple pasteurization steps. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study aimed to provide insight into the impacts of spray drying versus freeze drying on whey proteins. Overall, our results indicate that for commercial dairy processing that involves multiple rounds of pasteurization, freeze drying does not meaningfully improve the retention of bioactive proteins compared with spray drying. These findings may help the food and dairy industry make informed decisions regarding the processing of its whey protein products to optimize nutritional value.
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Registered trials
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