ArticleClinical & translational immunology2024
Humoral and cellular immune responses in vaccinated and unvaccinated children following SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection.
Article in Clinical & translational immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cellular immune responses 12 months after fractional or standard dose BNT162b2 booster vaccination in Mongolian adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- Evaluation of Cellular Immune Responses After mRNA-1273 Vaccination in Children 6 Months to 11 Years of Age.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Performance of whole blood interferon-γ release assays in SARS-CoV-2 and tuberculosis is age dependent.Infection · 2025Article
- Assessing the Value of T cell Monitoring in the General Population of Children and Adolescents - Insights From the Ciao Corona Cohort Study.International journal of public health · 2025Observational
- Immunogenicity of the CoronaVac vaccine in children: a real-world study.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
23 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: The immune response in children elicited by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection alone or in combination with COVID-19 vaccination (hybrid immunity) is poorly understood. We examined the humoral and cellular immune response following SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection in unvaccinated children and children who were previously vaccinated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Methods: Participants were recruited as part of a household cohort study conducted during the Omicron predominant wave (Jan to July 2022) in Victoria, Australia. Blood samples were collected at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months following COVID-19 diagnosis. Humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins from Wuhan, Omicron BA.1, BA.4/5 and JN.1, as well as cellular immune responses to Wuhan and BA.1 were assessed. Results: A total of 43 children and 113 samples were included in the analysis. Following Omicron infection, unvaccinated children generated low antibody responses but elicited Spike-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. In contrast, vaccinated children infected with the Omicron variant mounted robust humoral and cellular immune responses to both ancestral strain and Omicron subvariants. Hybrid immunity persisted for at least 6 months post infection, with cellular immune memory characterised by the generation of Spike-specific polyfunctional CD8 T-cell responses. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 hybrid immunity in children is characterised by persisting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and robust CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation and polyfunctional responses. Our findings contribute to understanding hybrid immunity in children and may have implications regarding COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 re-infections.
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