Observational studyJournal of advanced nursing2025
A Comprehensive Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Different Infant Feeding Types: The Observational Study GREEN MOTHER.
Observational study in Journal of advanced nursing, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05729581 (Effectiveness of a Reinforcement Intervention in the Breastfeeding Practice From Nutritional, Environmental and Postpartum Problem-solving Aspects to Increase the Prevalence of Breastfeeding at 6 Months Postpartum), which is not on this map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effectiveness of a Reinforcement Intervention in the Breastfeeding Practice From Nutritional, Environmental and Postpartum Problem-solving Aspects to Increase the Prevalence of Breastfeeding at 6 Months Postpartum: The GREEN MOTHER Project
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nurturing People and Planet: Breastfeeding in Climate Mitigation and Adaptation.Frontiers in sustainable food systems · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of an Educational and Counseling Program (the Green Mother Project Phase 2) to Enhance Breastfeeding and Improve Mothers' Diets From an Environmental Perspective: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Review
- Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
AIM(S): To observe and compare the environmental impacts of different types of infant feeding, considering the use of formula, infant feeding accessories, potentially increased maternal dietary intake during breastfeeding (BF) and food consumption habits.
designAn observational cross-sectional multicentre study conducted in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area of the Catalan Institute of Health.
methodsData were collected from 419 postpartum women on infant feeding type (formula milk and accessories), maternal dietary intake (24-h register) and food consumption habits from November 2022 to April 2023. The environmental impacts (climate change (CC), water consumption and water scarcity) of the infant feeding types and maternal diet were calculated using the IPCC, ReCiPE and AWARE indicators, respectively. The differences in impacts were calculated by Kruskal-Wallis test.
resultsSignificant differences for the three environmental impacts were observed. The CC impact of formula milk and feeding accessories was 0.01 kg CO
conclusionExclusive BF was the most sustainable type of infant feeding, considering formula and infant feeding accessories. In our study, the difference between the impacts of BF and non-BF mothers' diet was insignificant. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Offer informative and educational support for midwives and other healthcare professionals on BF and a healthy, sustainable diet to transfer this knowledge to the general public. IMPACT: Raise the general public's awareness about BF and a healthy, sustainable diet. To reduce environmental impacts through behavioural changes. REPORTING
methodSTROBE. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Patients of the Catalan Health Service reviewed the content of the data collection tools.
trial registration(for the whole GREEN MOTHER project): NCT05729581 (https://clinicaltrials.gov).
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