ArticlePLoS pathogens2024
Sequential early-life viral infections modulate the microbiota and adaptive immune responses to systemic and mucosal vaccination.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sequential infection reprograms the immune landscape to shape future responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- DNA methylation and gene expression signatures for common childhood infections.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Article
- Triple Latency as a Driver of Chronic Inflammation: An Integrative View of HSV, EBV, and CMV Persistence in Immunocompetent Hosts.Clinics and practice · 2026Review
- Trends and hotspots in research of virus and gastrointestinal mucosal immunity: a bibliometric analysis of four decades.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Physiological microbial exposure normalizes memory T cell surveillance of the brain and modifies host seizure outcomes.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Naturally transmitted mouse viruses highlight the heterogeneity of virus transmission dynamics in the dirty mouse model.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Integrating natural commensals and pathogens into preclinical mouse models.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to the microbial exposome as a critical factor in maturing and shaping the host immune system, thereby influencing responses to immune challenges such as infections or vaccines. To investigate the effect of early-life viral exposures on immune development and vaccine responses, we inoculated mice with six distinct viral pathogens in sequence beginning in the neonatal period, and then evaluated their immune signatures before and after intramuscular or intranasal vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Sequential viral infection drove profound changes in all aspects of the immune system, including increasing circulating leukocytes, altering innate and adaptive immune cell lineages in tissues, and markedly influencing serum cytokine and total antibody levels. Beyond changes in the immune responses, these exposures also modulated the composition of the endogenous intestinal microbiota. Although sequentially-infected mice exhibited increased systemic immune activation and T cell responses after intramuscular and intranasal SARS-CoV-2 immunization, we observed decreased vaccine-induced antibody responses in these animals. These results suggest that early-life viral exposures are sufficient to diminish antibody responses to vaccination in mice, and highlight the potential importance of considering prior microbial exposures when investigating vaccine responses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.