SynthesisFrontiers in veterinary science2024
Safety and efficacy of toll-like receptor agonists as therapeutic agents and vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases in animals: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Respiratory mucosal immunity: Biological functions, diseases, prevention and therapy.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 nanostructured adjuvant platform as a safe and effective alternative in Bothrops diporus antivenom production.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Oral Food-Derived Proanthocyanidins as Immunostimulants: Enhanced Vaccine Immunogenicity via Host Immune Modulation in a Murine CSFV Model.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Livestock immunomodulators as alternatives to antimicrobials - a roadmap for the fight against drug resistance.BMC veterinary research · 2026Review
- STING agonists as antiviral agents.FEBS letters · 2026Review
- Swine Group A rotavirus vaccines: current status, adjuvant strategies, challenges, and future perspectives.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Host-targeted oral avian vaccine virus demonstrates broad antiviral activity and safety in patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of a peptide vaccine against canine leishmaniosis: a double-blind, multicenter, controlled clinical trial in dogs.The veterinary quarterly · 2025Article
- Preventive Immunology for Livestock and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in the One Health Era: From Mechanistic Insights to Innovative Interventions.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Pattern recognition receptors and their roles in antiviral innate immunity in livestock.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Research advances in immune agonists and their nanoparticles for enhancing the immunotherapeutic efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in malignancies.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Strengthening global health security relies on adequate protection against infectious diseases through vaccination and treatment. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists exhibit properties that can enhance immune responses, making them potential therapeutic agents or vaccine adjuvants. Methods: We conducted an extensive systematic review to assess the efficacy of TLR agonists as therapeutic agents or vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases and their safety profile in animals, excluding rodents and cold-blooded animals. We collected qualitative and available quantitative data on the efficacy and safety outcomes of TLR agonists and employed descriptive analysis to summarize the outcomes. Results: Among 653 screened studies, 51 met the inclusion criteria. In this review, 82% (42/51) of the studies used TLR agonists as adjuvants, while 18% (9/51) applied TLR agonist as therapeutic agents. The predominant TLR agonists utilized in animals against infectious diseases was CpG ODN, acting as a TLR9 agonist in mammals, and TLR21 agonists in chickens. In 90% (46/51) of the studies, TLR agonists were found effective in stimulating specific and robust humoral and cellular immune responses, thereby enhancing the efficacy of vaccines or therapeutics against infectious diseases in animals. Safety outcomes were assessed in 8% (4/51) of the studies, with one reporting adverse effects. Discussion: Although TLR agonists are efficacious in enhancing immune responses and the protective efficacy of vaccines or therapeutic agents against infectious diseases in animals, a thorough evaluation of their safety is imperative to in-form future clinical applications in animal studies. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=323122.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.