ArticleScientific reports2024
Oneyear longitudinal study on biomarkers of blood-brain barrier permeability in COVID-19 patients.
Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Brain-binding auto-antibodies in subjects with and without post-COVID-syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 infection.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Blood-Brain Barrier Changes and Related Microvascular Outcomes in Long-COVID: A Comprehensive Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cognition, Cytokines, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Beyond in COVID-19: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Brain MRI findings in patients with post COVID-19 condition: frequency and longitudinal changes in a nationwide cohort study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The pathophysiology behind neurological and cognitive sequelae of COVID-19 may be related to dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and previous research indicate transient neuronal injury and glial activation. The aim of this study was to investigate if COVID-19 is related to increased BBB permeability by analyzing leakage of biomarkers such as astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and S100B. We also investigated whether levels of these biomarkers correlated with self-reported symptoms that persisted > 2 months. The samples in this 1-year follow-up study came from an ongoing longitudinal study of unvaccinated patients hospitalized for COVID-19 at Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, between April and June 2020. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 4, 8, and 12 months after hospitalization. Information on self-reported clinical symptoms was collected at follow-up visits. A total of 102 patients were enrolled, and 47 completed all follow-up measurements. Peak levels of both biomarkers were observed at 4 months in the subset of 55 patients who were measured at this timepoint. At 12 months, the biomarkers had returned to baseline levels. The biomarkers were not correlated with any of the long-term self-reported symptoms. COVID-19 is associated with transient increased BBB permeability, shown by elevated levels of astrocyte biomarkers in plasma. However, these levels return to baseline 12 months post-infection and do not correlate with long-term symptoms. Further research is needed to unravel the underlying mechanisms causing long-term symptoms in COVID-19 patients.
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